question

French policy toward a defeated Germany following World War I was guided by all of the following except a. a strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles. b. occupation of German industries in the Ruhr Valley. c. a strict collection of Germany's war reparations. d. a policy of passive resistance under Raymond Poincaré. e. the establishment of a series alliances with the new states of Eastern Europe.

answer

D

question

Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included a. a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic. b. the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations. c. an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente. d. increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs. e. the belated United States decision to Join the League of Nations.

answer

C

question

Following Germany's failure to pay its war reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr valley, resulting in: a. a policy of passive resistance by the German government and German resort to printing money to pay war debts. b. an alliance concluded between Germany and Russia. c. the election of Raymond Poincaré's French government in 1924. d. an increase in the size of the German military. e. Germany's decision to leave the League of Nations.

answer

A

question

The period of 1924-1929 in Europe witnessed a. a growing feeling of optimism for a peaceful future. b. the Great Depression destroy Europe's economy. c. a direct occupation of Germany by World War I's victorious powers. d. the western powers cut off all ties with Communist Russia. e. political instability with the collapse of Weimar Germany in the aftermath of the election of Adolph Hitler as chancellor in 1926.

answer

A

question

The treaty of 1925 that guaranteed France and Belgium's postwar boundaries was called the a. Pact of Paris. b. Kellogg-Briand Treaty. c. Dawes Plan. d. Milan Treaty. e. Locarno Pact.

answer

E

question

A major cause of the Great Depression in Europe was a. European governments were too involved in their own economies. b. the recall of American loans from European markets. c. the underproduction and high prices of agricultural goods in eastern and central Europe. d. the inability of the League of Nations to set complementary economic policies in different global markets. e. Weimar Germany's high tariff policies that prohibited trade with other nations. (p. 753)

answer

B

question

An overall effect of the Great Depression in Europe was a. the complete destruction of Communist parties. b. huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain. c. the strengthening of liberal, democratic movements in the 1930s. d. the rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe. e. the growth of free trade in order to spur economic recovery. (p. 754)

answer

D

question

After 1924, American financial investment in Europe a. decreased rapidly. b. increased rapidly but came to crisis by the late 1920s. c. stagnated as American banks preferred to invest at home. d. slowly declined as American capital flowed to more lucrative new markets in Asia and South America. e. was prohibited by the Dawes Plan. (p. 753)

answer

B

question

Great Britain came out of the worst stages of the Great Depression under the leadership of a. John Maynard Keynes. b. the National Socialist Government. c. David Lloyd George. d. the very popular Prince of Wales. e. a coalition government of the major political parties. (p. 755)

answer

E

question

The first Popular Front government in France a. solved the depression by eliminating workers' benefits. b. gave ordinary workers new rights and benefits including a minimum wage. c. was responsible for solving the problems of the depression. d. collapsed in 1926, allowing Raymond Poincaré's Cartel of the Left to take power. e. remained in power until the German invasion of 1942. (p. 756)

answer

B

question

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the United States a. were successful by 1933. b. virtually eliminated unemployment. c brought about government ownership of most industries. d. brought about a partial economic recovery, but full employment did not result until World War II rearmament. in the economy. e. were all declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. (p. 757)

answer

D

question

All of the following are correct about the European nations and their colonial empires during the interwar years except a. despite World War I, the Europeans had kept their colonial empires in tact. b. Britain and France had added to their empires by dividing up many of Germany's colonial possessions. c. the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was strengthened during the 1920s and 1930s. d. the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was undermined during the 1920s and 1930s. e. there was a rising tide of unrest in the colonial world against Western imperialism. (p. 757)

answer

C

question

The Middle Eastern Muslim nation that made a conscious effort to adopt a Westernized secular culture after World War I was a. Egypt. b. Iraq. c. Saudi Arabia. d. Palestine. e. Turkey. (p. 757)

answer

E

question

In Africa during the interwar years, the demands for independence from colonial rule came from those Africans a. inspired by the military successes of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. b. committed to the Marxist ideology of the Soviet Union. c. exclusively trained and educated in traditional African societies. d. who had spent time in modernizing China and Japan. e. educated in Europe and the United States.

answer

E

question

The totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union a. pursued vastly different foreign policies. b. held each other in disdain. c. hoped to control every aspect of their citizens' lives. d. retained power due to the charisma of their leaders. e. established a formal alliance directed against laissez-faire liberal capitalism. (p. 759)

answer

C

question

The first Fascist state in Europe was a. Spain. b. Germany. c. Russia. d. Italy. e. France. (p. 759)

answer

D

question

The growth of Mussolini's Fascist movement was aided by a. the inability of the parliamentary parties to form permanent government. b. popular, nationalistic resentment toward Italy's treatment following World War I. c. crop failures in 1920 and 1921. d. economic cooperation between Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union. e. the fall of the Italian monarchy and the establishment of a workers' dictatorship. (p. 759)

answer

B

question

Squadristi were a. the closest advisors of Mussolini. b. armed bands of fascists who used violence to intimidate enemies. c. elite soldiers of the Fascist state. d. officers in the Italian military. e. military opponents of Mussolini. (p. 759)

answer

B

question

The institutional framework of Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship a. lacked a secret police force. b. included highly popular and well attended Fascists youth organizations. c. was primarily aimed at aiding the workers and peasants. d. never created the degree of totalitarian control found in Russia and Germany in the 1930s. e. was the most successful of the authoritarian states that appeared in Europe in the interwar years. (p. 762)

answer

D

question

Women in Mussolini's Fascist Italy were a. coerced into factory work to aid industrial production. b. regarded as equal to men in social status. c. largely forced through government legislation to become homemakers. d. aided by the government's emphasis on birth control. e. required under pain of imprisonment to join the Black Shirts. (p. 762)

answer

C

question

The Lateran Accords of 1929 a. nationalized all church property. b. recognized Catholicism as the sole religion of Italy. c. marked the Catholic church's official condemnation of the Fascist state. d. eliminated government support for the Catholic church. e. turned the property of the Vatican over to the Italian government in exchange for tax reductions. (p. 762)

answer

B

question

The city in which Hitler spent his formative years and developed his fundamental ideas was a. Berlin. b. Munich. c. Frankfort. d. Hamburg. e. Vienna. (p. 763)

answer

E

question

During World War I, Adolf Hitler a. joined the German Army and distinguished himself by his brave acts. b. never rose above the rank of a common foot soldier. c. was conscripted into the army against his will and came close to execution for cowardice. d. opposed the war from the beginning and fled to neutral Switzerland to escape the draft. e. joined the Austrian army inasmuch as he was an Austrian native. (p. 764)

answer

A

question

Mein Kampf a. depicted Hitler's plan to take power through a massive rebellion. b. was autobiographical, setting forth Hitler's ideology of Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism. c. excluded any trace of Hitler's anti-Semitism. d. was immediately seen by German politicians as the dangerous work of a madman. e. immediately became a best-seller throughout Europe including the Soviet Union. (pp. 764-765)

answer

B

question

The German president at the time of Hitler's maneuvers to gain political power over Germany was a. Heinrich Bruning. b. Paul von Hindenberg. c. Franz von Papen. d. Herman Göring. e. Friedrich Ebert. (p. 765)

answer

B

question

The Nazis proved to be effective in the realm of politics by a. securing many small donations from large German corporations. b. making the Nazi program appeal to every segment of German society. c. persuading the average German that their program was the only alternative to the inept Weimar regime. d. forcing the poorer Germans to vote for Nazi candidates through intimidation. e. unconstitutionally seizing power by force. (p. 765)

answer

B

question

The Gleichschaltung was a. the coordination of all institutions under Nazi control. b. the purge of the SA leadership in June of 1934. c. the subordination of the German army to the Nazi Party under Hitler. d. Hitler's plan for securing "living space" from other nations. e. the economic and military alliance between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. (p. 766)

answer

A

question

The most famous and spectacular of the Nazi mass demonstrations were held in the city of a. Berlin. b. Munich. c. Augsburg. d. Hamburg. e. Nuremberg. (p. 767)

answer

E

question

Economic and labor conditions in Nazi Germany were characterized by a. nationalization of all major industries. b. a confused and chaotic effort to create Nazi trade unions. c. persistently high rates of unemployment until the outbreak of World War Two. d. controlling the working classes through the Nazi-sponsored German Labor Front. e. pursuing a laissez-faire economic policy in reaction to the threat of Soviet communism. (p. 768)

answer

D

question

The Nazi leader Heinrich Himmler was responsible for a. forming Nazi professional organizations for civil servants, doctors, and teachers. b. carrying out the racial and terrorist policies of the Nazi SS. c. guiding the German Labor Front. d. the indoctrination of Nazi ideals into Hitler Youth organizations. e. designing Hitler's new capital city, "Germania". (p. 768)

answer

B

question

Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s a. included the Nuremberg laws, which centered on the forced emigration of all Jews from Germany. b. were emulated in France by the Popular Front. c. did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and teaching positions. d. would remain minimal and unorganized until World War II. e. reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues. (p. 769)

answer

E

question

The Nazi policies toward women a. differed fundamentally from those of Fascist Italy. b. eliminated females from all professional occupations. c. were aimed at bridging the differences between the sexes. d. were geared toward the idea that through childbearing and service in the home women would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race. e. was to organize all adult women in the German Homemakers Front. (p. 769)

answer

D

question

The only eastern European nation to maintain political democracy throughout the 1930s was a. Bulgaria. b. Yugoslavia. c. Poland. d. Hungary. e. Czechoslovakia. (p. 773)

answer

E

question

The dominant form of government in Eastern Europe in the 1920s and 1930s was a. authoritarianism. b. Russian Soviet-style Communism. c. parliamentary democracy. d. Christian Socialism. e. totalitarian Fascism. (p. 771)

answer

A

question

The Spanish Civil War ended with the victory of a. King Alfonso XIII and General Miguel Primo de Rivera. b. an antifascist coalition, aided by Soviet troops and supplies. c. the National Front, aided by Italian and German arms and money. d. Francisco Franco, who established a conservative, authoritarian, and anti-democratic regime with the backing of the Spanish Catholic Church. e. the Popular Front. (p. 773)

answer

D

question

Lenin's New Economic Policy in the early 1920s a. put Russia on the path of rapid industrialization at the expense of the peasantry. b. was a modified form of the capitalist system. c. forced Communism to move forward as both industry and agriculture were nationalized. d. failed to reverse the patterns of famine and industrial collapse that began in 1921. e. established giant collective farms. (p. 769)

answer

B

question

Joseph Stalin's emergence as leader of the Communist party was aided by a. Lenin's recommendation that he become sole leader. b. his alliance with Trotsky and the Right in the Politburo. c. his position as general secretary of the Bolshevik party. d. strong support of the left in the Politburo, which favored the spread of Communism abroad. e. the support of the Soviet military. (p. 770)

answer

C

question

The Stalinist era in the 1930s witnessed a. the decline of industrialization in favor of the collectivization of agriculture. b. real wages and social conditions for the industrial labor force improve dramatically. c. millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into force labor camps. d. an abundance of permissive social legislation. e. an activist foreign and military policy, bent upon immediately making Eastern Europe a satellite region to the Soviet Union. (p. 771)

answer

C

question

The collectivization of agriculture under Stalin was characterized by a. was a failure, and the peasants quickly returned to their private plots. b. the cooperation of kulaks. c. the destruction of the collective farms. d. immediate financial benefits for most of the peasants. e. widespread famine. (p. 771)

answer

E

question

The new forms of mass communication and leisure created between the wars included all except a. cinema becoming an increasingly popular form of entertainment. b. Fascist nations them for propaganda purposes. c. radio production and broadcasting companies increasing dramatically. d. the widespread use of television in most middle class homes. e. the automobile becoming a common method of travel for the middle classes (pp. 774-775)

answer

D

question

Dopolavoro was a. a Spanish anti-Republican military organization. b. a cultural club begun in England during the inter-war years. c. a national recreational agency in Italy sponsored by Fascists as a way to strengthen public support of the regime. d. a French radical political party advocating anarchy as the only solution to the corrupt government practices of the era. e. the German secret police. (p. 775)

answer

C

question

"Strength through Joy" a. was one of the most effective Nazi propaganda films to be made by German actors, producers, and directors corrupted by Hitler's ideology. b. was Fascist Italy's most popular national recreation agency. c. attempted to monitor and homogenize the leisure time of the German workers, building public support for Nazi policies. d. failed miserably in its attempts to draw German workers to vacation package tours. e. was an attempt by Spain's Franco to emulate the popular propaganda movements of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. (pp, 775-776)

answer

C

question

Artistic and intellectual trends in the inter-war years reflected a. a rejection of the avant-garde. b. a disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I. c. realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists. d. an acceptance of modern art forms, especially in Germany and Russia. e. a rediscovery of Romantic Realism as the major art movement in the West. (p. 776)

answer

B

question

The most famous of the Surrealistic painters was a. Arnold Schonberg. b. Pablo Picasso. c. Walter Gropius. d. Jackson Pollack. e. Salvador Dali. (p. 777)

answer

B

question

The Dada movement in art was known for all of the following except a. an expressed contempt for Western culture. b. an effort to put a clear sense of purpose and ambition back into art and life. c. "anti-art" and the mockery of all known, traditional forms of artistic expression. d. a celebration of chaos and the absurd, often expressed in bizarre performances and collages of unrelated objects. e. popular in Berlin during the Weimar years. (p. 776)

answer

B

question

Walter Gropius was best known for his a. "socialist realism" paintings. b. atonal, experimental music. c. revolutionary directions in theater. d. post-modern architectural designs. e. ideas of functionalism and practicality in architecture. (pp. 777-778)

answer

E

question

Culture in Nazi Germany centered around a. the use of modern, abstract forms to reflect Germany's "new order." b. the functionalism of the Bauhaus school. c. simplistic, petty-bourgeois art, with sentimental and realistic scenes glorifying strong, heroic Aryans. d. religious scenes influenced by Catholic dogma. e. military themes at the expense of all other subjects. (p. 778)

answer

C

question

Not associated with the new literary techniques of the 1920's was a. the "stream of consciousness." b. James Joyce. c. Herman Hesse. d. Ernest Rutherford. e. Virginia Woolf. (pp. 778-779)

answer

D

question

The physicist Walter Heisenberg was most noted for a. proposing that uncertainty was at the bottom of all physical laws. b. being among the first team to split the atom. c. resurrecting the scientific predictability of classical physics. d. the development of the atomic bomb. e. correcting Einstein's errors in the latter's theory of relativity. (p. 779)

answer

A

question

All of the following concepts were central to the psychological theories of Carl Jung except a. the collective unconscious. b. the process of individuation. c. the uncertainty principle. d. universal archetypes. e. the importance of universal myths. (p. 779)

answer

C

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