Chapter 17 – Western Europe 1450-1750 Transformation – Flashcards
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What influenced the development of the Italian Renaissance?
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urban, commercial economy competitive city-states
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What were some characteristics that defined the Italian Renaissance?
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Italian and Latin secular objects humanism
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Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?
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emphasized realistic discussion on how to maintain power during the Italian Renaissance
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What effects did the Italian Renaissance have on politics and commerce?
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banking, new political forms, improved military, diplomacy, innovations
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What was a cause in the decline of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century?
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French and Spanish monarchs invade peninsula Atlantic trade routes > Mediterranean
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What was the difference between the Italian and Northern Renaissance?
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Northern emphasized religion more
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How did the Northern Renaissance produce political change?
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greater state powers Francis I: French Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic Church
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How did the Renaissance affect ordinary people?
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little effect, women = domestic
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What were some technogical advances?
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iron products, printing (Johannes Gutenberg)
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What was the family structure of a European family?
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late marriage, importance of affection within family
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Who was Martin Luther?
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German monk that started the Protestant Reformation; accepted state control of church; against monasticism and papal salvation
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What was the Protestant Reformation?
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general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; included many varieties of religious beliefs
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How did Protestantism affect politics?
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German princes increased independence and seize church lands; public appeal of state-run church
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What was the Anglican church?
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form of Protestantism set up in England by Henry VIII; against papal marriage set-ups
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Who was Jean Calvin?
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French Protestant who stressed predestination; encouraged public gov't access, education; Calvinism
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What was the Catholic Reformation?
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restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs; established councils and the Jesuits (missionaries)
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What happened between the Calvinists and Catholics in France?
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religious wars ended with edict of Nantes; granted Protestant tolerance in France
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What happened between the Protestants and Catholics in Germany?
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Thirty Years War: war within Holy Roman Empire and Spain; ended with Treaty of Westphalia: granted individual rulers to choose religion
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What spurred the commercialization of western Europe during the 16th century?
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massive import of gold and silver from colonies; inflation
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In what ways did manufacturing develop as a result of colonial markets?
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agricultural specialty areas shoemaking, pottery, metal, mining
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How were ordinary western Europeans affected by this commercial revolution?
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increased prosperity, more properties
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Who were the proletariat?
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class of working people without access to producing property; poor; became laborers, etc
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Why did witchcraft persecution become so intense during the 17th century?
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reflected resentment against the poor
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What was the Scientific Revolution?
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17th century period of theoretical generalizations; change in traditional medieval beliefs
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How did Copernicus contribute to the Scientific Revolution? Johannes Kepler?
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disproved beliefs that earth was the center of the universe; prominent scientific figure
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How did Galileo contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
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published Copernicus' findings; gravity and planetary motion
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How did William Harvey contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
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physician; movement of blood in animals/heart
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How did Francis Bacon contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
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work on scientific method
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How did Rene Descartes contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
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established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; human reason can develop laws
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How did Isaac Newton contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
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compiled astronomical and physical observations into a framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and gravity
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What was the concept of God in Deism?
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role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion--not to regulate them
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How did John Locke contribute to the Scientific Revolution?
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people can learn everything through senses and reason; power from the people
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What defined France as the most powerful and largest western European nation?
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absolute monarchy (Louis XIV) no parliament, professional armies and bureaucracy, state churches, imposed economic policy, expansion
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What was mercantilism?
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promotion of internal economy to improve tax revenues and limit imports; set tariffs
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What defined England and the Netherlands as parliamentary monarchies?
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Glorious Revolution: resulted in parliamentary checks on the king; limits to state authority
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What was a nation-state?
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ruled peoples who had a common culture and language; promoted mercantilism, political values
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What were the political patterns like in western Europe in the 18th century?
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least change in politics absolute monarchy less effective competing political groups
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Who was Frederick the Great?
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Prussian king; attempted to introduce Enlightenment, military, bureaucracy, freedom of religion, state control of economy
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What was Enlightenment?
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French intellectual movement; scientific advance, rational laws describe social behavior; religious tolerance; against Catholic church
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What Enlightenment ideas did Adam Smith believe in?
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government should avoid regulation of economy
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How did Denis Diderot contribute to the Enlightenment?
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created the first encyclopedia
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What did Mary Wollstonecract believe in?
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political rights should extend to women; feminist movement
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How did the Enlightenment affect family life?
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greater interaction and less discipline with children love and emotional bonds more important
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What is mass consumerism?
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interest in acquiring material goods and services; growing economic capacity to afford these
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How did agriculture change in the 18th century?
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new agricultural techniques potato = new staple crop
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What encouraged manufacturing in the 18th century?
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colonial trade, agricultural advancements
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What allowed for greater population sizes in the 18th century?
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agricultural advancements, commercialism (capitalism), manufacturing
