WHAP chapter 13 – Flashcards

1.Europeans were much closer to the Americas than were their potential Asian competitors.
2.Europeans were powerfully motivated after 1200 to gain access to the world of Eurasian commerce.
3.Groups within European society, including competing monarchs, merchants, impoverished nobles and commoners, Christian missionaries, and persecuted minorities all had strong, if different, motivations for participating in empire building.
4. European states and trading companies enabled the effective mobilization of both human and material resources.
5. Disease in the Americas

1.European empire building caused the demographic collapse of Native American societies.
2.Combinations of indigenous, European, and African peoples created entirely new societies in the Americas.
3.Large-scale exchanges of plants and animals transformed the crops and animals raised both in the Americas and in the Eastern Hemisphere.
4.The silver mines of Mexico and Peru fueled both transatlantic and transpacific commerce.
5.The need for plantation workers and the sugar and cotton trade created a lasting link among Africa, Europe, and the Americas, while scattering peoples of African origins throughout the Western Hemisphere.

1.In North America, there was less racial mixing and less willingness to recognize the offspring of such unions and accord them a place in society.
2.Slavery in North America was different, being perhaps less harsh there than in the sugar colonies.
3.By 1750, slaves in the United States had become self-reproducing, and a century later almost all North American slaves had been born in the New World. That was never the case in Brazil and the Caribbean.
4.Many more slaves were voluntarily set free by their owners in Brazil than was ever the case in North America,
5.In North America, any African ancestry, no matter how small or distant, made a person “black”; not in Brazil, Moreover, color was only one criterion of class status in Brazil, and the perception of color changed with the educational or economic standing of individuals.

1.Many of the British settlers sought to escape aspects of an old European society rather than to recreate it.
2.The British colonies were almost pure settler colonies, without the racial mixing that was so prominent in Spanish and Portuguese territories.
3.A largely Protestant England was far less interested in spreading Christianity among the remaining native peoples
4.British colonies developed greater mass literacy and traditions of local self-government and vigorously contested the prerogatives of royal governors sent to administer their affairs.

1.Fear of the Mongols drove the Russians to conqure the vast siberian plain.
2.Russian expansion into Siberia was driven by demand on the world market for the pelts of fur-bearing animals, although later some agricultural settlement took place. The motivations of defending Russian frontiers, enhancing the power of the Russian state,
3.The Russians were also movitvated by bringing Christianity and attempted conversion of the native Siberians

1.In terms of its conquered people, conquest meant the taking of an oath of loyalty to the Russian ruler; the payment of tribute
2.Devastating epidemics
3. Intermittent pressure to convert to Christianity;
4. The loss of hunting grounds and pasturelands to Russian agricultural settlers, which disrupted the local economy and left local populations dependent on Russian markets.
5.The Empire made Russia a highly militarized state and reinforced the highly autocratic character of the Russian state.

1.Chinese empire building vastly enlarged the territorial size of China and brought a number of non-Chinese people into the kingdom.
2.It was driven largely by security concerns.
Conquered regions in central Eurasia were administered separately from the rest of China.
3.Chinese officials generally did not seek to assimilate local people into Chinese culture and showed considerable respect for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region.

1.The Ottoman Empire represented a military threat to Europe.
2.It impressed some European intellectuals because of its religious tolerance.
3.It occasionally allied with France against their common enemy of Habsburg Austria.
4.The empire was an important trading partner as they controled access to Eastern goods

1542-1605; most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India. He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar ‘the Great’, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death

a global economy through the sea trade resulting from the European voyages of exploration; linked the continents of North America, South America, Europe, and Africa.

the capital of the Byzantine Empire and a major center of long-distance trading routes.

Notary, farmer, and explorer who destroyed the Aztec monarchy, took possession of Tenochtitlan, and defeated most of the Aztecs in less than two years.

A system in the Ottoman Empire of conscripting Christian boys from the provinces, raising them as Muslims, and using them as soldiers.

a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as an interpreter, advisor, lover, and intermediary for Hernán Cortés.

The massive epidemic caused by Old World diseases after the Columbian Exchange. It killed around 90% of the Native American (it also happened in parts of Asia and the Polynesian Islands).

individuals of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

Muslims state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

individuals of mixed European and African ancestry.

A Muslim Empire based in turkey that lasted from the 1300’s to 1922.

the elite class of people who, during Spanish colonial times, lived in the New World but were born in Spain.

agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America

Replaced the Ming in 1644 after devastating famine and plague created mass unrest in the countryside; during this time, the population of China exploded.

Colonies, such as those in South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii, where minority European populations live among majority indigenous peoples. Colonies were started to make a new life there, not just to get rich.

A region of central and eastern Russia, stretching from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, known for its mineral resources and for being a place of political exile.

Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of fur

Commercial agriculture laid the foundation for the economy. The native peoples provided labor rather than African slaves or Europeans. Many systems were then created that gave the native population very little rights. The society was a Spanish class and gender hierarchy that accommodated non-Europeans. Male Spanish settlers were on top. Within the Spanish minority there was a lot of division. The natives were at the bottom of the hierarchy and were abused.

Mughals were less tolerant of other religious and sought to impose Islamic supremacy. Aurangzeb forbade many Hindu practices and treated them much worse and antagonized them. He destroyed many Hindu temples and imposed the tax on non-Muslims.