question

The French Parlement never attained the importance of Parliament in England because:

answer

the French nobility, unlike the English nobility, was exempt from taxation.

question

The last emperor who effectively ruled all the disparate pieces of the Holy Roman Emperor was:

answer

Frederick II.

question

Alfonso II of Aragon ensured his control over his kingdom by:

answer

documenting property transactions.

question

The Venetians wanted revenge against Byzantium in the late twelfth century because:

answer

some citizens of Constantinople had massacred Venetian merchants who lived in the city.

question

The person most responsible for increasing interest in devotion to the Eucharist and the Virgin Mary in the twelfth century was:

answer

Bernard of Clairvaux.

question

The growth of schools in twelfth-century Europe can be attributed primarily to the:

answer

general economic revival in Europe.

question

Anselm argued that:

answer

human ideas of goodness had been instilled by God, a being about which nothing greater can be conceived.

question

Students who attended medieval universities:

answer

generally drank to excess, gambled, fought, and were generally rowdy.

question

The political power of some queens of the High Middle Ages in Europe is reflected in the:

answer

power of the queen in the game of chess.

question

Between 1000 and 1250 Europe:

answer

took on many of the characteristics that define the modern West.

question

In the early twelfth century, Genghis Khan quickly built up a large military force by:

answer

incorporating the warriors of defeated tribes into his own army.

question

For Europeans, the most important consequence of the Mongol conquests was:

answer

the commercial links it established between Europe and the Far East along the Silk Road.

question

The first European colonies established outside of Europe geographically were in the:

answer

Atlantic Ocean.

question

The thirteenth century had witnessed the development of the philosophical belief that the secular and spiritual worlds were rational, organized, and comprehensible to human beings. In the fourteenth century, William of Ockham:

answer

denied that human reason could prove fundamental theological truths.

question

Dante's Divine Comedy depicts the poet's mythical journey through:

answer

hell, purgatory, and heaven.

question

King Philip IV of France's ability to move Pope Clement V's court to Avignon demonstrates the:

answer

gulf between the theoretical and actual power of the papacy.

question

The medieval doctrine of transubstantiation taught that:

answer

the Eucharist became the body and blood of Christ during Mass.

question

Although Louis IX's attempts at crusading were failures, they cemented his reputation as a:

answer

protector of the Church.

question

In the fourteenth century, Edward III argued that he was the legitimate heir of France based on a closer relationship to Philip IV of France than that of the new Valois king because:

answer

his mother was Philip IV's daughter.

question

The Black Death probably eliminated almost _________ percent of Europe's population.

answer

50

question

Most of the innovations that occurred in farming after the first waves of the Black Death were made by:

answer

small farmers.

question

Underlying the social unrest of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries lay:

answer

a growing sense of self-confidence.

question

Just as Boccaccio wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while sitting out the Black Death, _________ wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while on a pilgrimage.

answer

Chaucer

question

The series of pageant plays performed at York were motivated by devotion but also:

answer

the desire of the guilds to display their wares in the plays.

question

The growth of power claims based on classical models, including patronage of the arts, occurred in Renaissance Italy due to the:

answer

relative weakness of the Church, which no longer provided an alternate model.

question

The great influx of Greek manuscripts from the East in the fifteenth century led to the development of a new interest in a form of literary analysis known as:

answer

textual criticism.

question

The Ottoman Army that conquered much of the Middle and Near East was composed mostly of:

answer

slaves.

question

The French victories over the English during the second phase of the Hundred Years' War were, in part, due to the:

answer

professionalization of the French Army.

question

The failed conciliar movement of the Church was intended to locate the supreme authority of the Church with the:

answer

delegates of regularly called councils.

question

The emerging national monarchies in late medieval Europe resulted in:

answer

greater militarization and more warfare.

question

Plato's works were translated from Greek into Latin by:

answer

Marsilio Ficino.

question

The retelling of the Song of Roland in fifteenth-century Italy differed from the original by its:

answer

lack of any suggestion of heroic idealism.

question

In the fifteenth century, the majority of the great painters were from:

answer

Florence.

question

Although Venetian artists copied techniques used in Florence, Venetian paintings differed from those produced in Florence because they:

answer

did not generally include philosophical or religious allegories.

question

Renaissance architecture emphasized the importance of:

answer

geometrical proportions.

question

Thomas More's Utopia was a(n):

answer

devastating critique of contemporary culture.

question

After the Council of Constance, the papacy entered into a series of agreements with national monarchies called concordats. The result of these concordats was:

answer

the granting of extensive authority to monarchs over the churches in their domain.

question

In their voyages along the west coast of Africa, the Portuguese were initially in search of:

answer

gold.

question

Hernán Cortés was aided in his conquest of the Aztec empire by all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

the European rifles he had brought with him.

question

Within a century of the Europeans' arrival in Central America, the native population there declined by as much as:

answer

90 percent.

question

Luther was a professor of theology at:

answer

Wittenberg.

question

Luther was driven to post his Ninety-five Theses by:

answer

the sale of indulgences in his region, which promised automatic salvation.

question

One reason why Luther was able to win great public support for his position was the introduction of:

answer

printed pamphlets to disseminate his views.

question

Aside from religious motivations, many free cities in the Holy Roman Empire found Lutheranism appealing because:

answer

town councils and guild masters could use reforms as a way to oppose local aristocrats and bishops.

question

After 1534, Anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in Europe because they:

answer

were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order.

question

In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more:

answer

authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.

question

Protestantism began as a dissent against the Church and had many radical manifestations, but it eventually became "domesticated" due to:

answer

a dependence of Protestant leaders on local political leaders.

question

Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

answer

Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry's request for an annulment.

question

The popes of the Counter-Reformation period were noted for their:

answer

ability to administer the Church ably.

question

One of the most famous mystics who aided in the reform of the Church in the sixteenth century was:

answer

Teresa of Avila.

question

The population of early North American colonies grew because:

answer

indentured servants came over in large numbers to work in the colonies.

question

The primary problem caused by the Price Revolution of the late sixteenth century was:

answer

inflation.

question

To broker a truce between Catholic and Protestant factions in France during the sixteenth century, the French royal family:

answer

arranged a marriage between a powerful Protestant prince and the Catholic daughter of the reigning king of France.

question

William of Orange fought during the religious wars to free the Netherlands from:

answer

Catholic rule under the Spanish.

question

The Thirty Years' War began when:

answer

a Catholic prince became the ruler of a Protestant territory.

question

The Fronde was a:

answer

series of aristocratic and popular revolts against the French government.

question

Charles I's death sent shockwaves through Europe because:

answer

it was the first time a reigning king had been legally tried and executed for treason by his subjects.

question

The doubt and uncertainty caused by the discovery and European colonization in the New World were expressed in Europe by all of these EXCEPT:

answer

a Europe-wide movement of rebels who refused to recognize any state authority.

question

The sixteenth-century writer who portrayed lower-class people in a very favorable light was:

answer

Ben Jonson.

question

The uncertainty and crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries over time produced:

answer

more strongly centralized states.

question

Which European government developed into an autocracy in the early modern period?

answer

Russia

question

The court culture at Versailles was ordered by:

answer

incredibly detailed rules of etiquette.

question

The royal finance minister who increased revenues in France during the reign of Louis XIV was:

answer

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

question

Slaves working on sugar plantations in the French Caribbean accounted for the livelihoods of approximately _________ of the French population.

answer

1/25th

question

During the Glorious Revolution, violence broke out to protest:

answer

James II's support of Catholicism and his absolutist policies.

question

The new diplomatic goal that emerged in western and central Europe in the mid-seventeenth century was:

answer

balance of power politics.

question

Absolutism was difficult for the Habsburgs to achieve in the Holy Roman Empire because:

answer

the Holy Roman Empire was made up of many individual states that ruled in their own interests.

question

Peter the Great's authority to rule Russia was threatened during the early part of his reign by:

answer

an attempt to depose him and place his half sister on the throne.

question

The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to:

answer

secure year-round ports for Russia.

question

The newly efficient taxation systems in many European realms of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries paid for many expenses, but by far the most expensive expenditure made by states was:

answer

war.

question

Throughout the Middle Ages, the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy were _________ and _________.

answer

Aristotle; Ptolemy

question

_________ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe.

answer

Nicholas Copernicus

question

_________ was the "new scientist" whose work laid the foundation for Sir Isaac Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.

answer

Johannes Kepler

question

Galileo concluded that the Copernican hypothesis was correct after observing:

answer

the moons of Jupiter.

question

A method of reasoning that goes from the specific to the general was developed by:

answer

Francis Bacon.

question

The deductive method of inquiry was formulated by:

answer

René Descartes.

question

Although René Descartes believed he had proven the existence of God, _________ believed he had proven that the universe was a single substance that was both God and nature.

answer

Baruch Spinoza

question

Although science during this period was primarily the domain of men, many women also made their mark, such as the astronomer Maria Winkelmann and the entomologist:

answer

Maria Sibylla Merian.

question

Isaac Newton's best-known work today was his research conducted on:

answer

gravity.

question

Which of the following best describes Sir Isaac Newton's attitude toward Christianity?

answer

Science and faith are compatible and mutually supporting.

European History: Unit 2 Flashcards

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