Crimonology Test 1 – Flashcards
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According to Reiman & Leighton, the policies that led to the U.S. having the highest incarceration rate in the world did nothing to reduce crime rates.
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True
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According to Reiman & Leighton, most American citizens think that the "War on Drugs" has been a resounding success.
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False
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Incarceration rates in the U.S. increased by _______ percent between 1969 and 1999. A. 100 B. 300 C. 500 D. 700
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700
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Which of the following do Reiman & Leighton credit with having the greatest influence on the reduction in violent crime rates after 1992? Tougher sentencing B. More aggressive policing C. Non-criminal justice environmental factors (improved economy, etc) D. A & B are equally responsible
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Non-criminal justice environmental factors (improved economy, etc.)
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According to Reimer & Leighton, we need to explain not why we cannot reduce crime, but why ___________________ . A. ...we will not. B. ...we cannot catch criminals. C. ...we are so lenient on nonviolent offenders. D. ... we are even bothering to try.
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We will not
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According to Reiman & Leighton, the excuse that crime is "an inescapable companion" of any highly industrialized society doesn't hold up to scrutiny for which of the following reasons? . Other complex, populous, industrialized societies have much lower crime rates. B. This explanation does not account for differences in the crime rates within the U.S. C. Urbanization actually almost always leads to a lower crime rate. D. A ; B. Question 8
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A and B
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According to Reiman ; Leighton, poverty, slums, and unemployment are known sources of crime.
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True
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According to Reiman ; Leighton, prison produces more criminals than it cures.
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True
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According to Williams ; McShane, the Chicago School purported that behavior is shaped by: Social factors. Psychological factors. Genetic factors. All of the above
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Social factors
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According to Williams ; McShane, the process by which social disorganization affects juveniles and leads to delinquency is known as: Symbolic interactionism. Cultural transmission. Conduct norms. Social control.
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Cultural transmission
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Williams ; McShane explain secondary culture conflict as: Conflict between a subculture and a larger culture within which it resides. A social condition in which primary conflict is first controlled by pressure from authorities and, as that control is relaxed, reappears. Conflict between two cultures at their borders. When two different cultures seem to dictate behavior at the same time.
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Conflict between a subculture and a larger culture within which it resides.
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The Chicago School produced chiefly microtheories.
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True
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Sampson's research (discussed in Williams & McShane) on current immigrant communities supports the idea that predominantly immigrant areas have higher crime rates, particularly violent crime.
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False
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According to Williams & McShane, what is the most common of the four deviant modes of adaptation from Anomie Theory? Rebellion Ritualism Retreatism Innovation
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Innovation
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Anomie can be defined as: Disjunction between cultural goals and socially approved means. A condition in which society interferes with the efficient development of conformity. A structural condition that encourages information. The lack of bonding to the moral order.
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Disjunction between cultural goals and socially approved means
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According to anomie theory, if a person rejected the goals but accepted the means, that person would be exhibiting behavior characterized as: Reaction formation. Aggression. Ritualism. Status frustration.
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Ritualism
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Anomie is often called a functionalist theory.
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True
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According to anomie theory, although the lower class suffers the greatest social inequality, they do not have a higher rate of involvement in deviant behavior.
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False
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Which of the following was not identified by Kennedy et al as one of the main indicators of social disorganization? Divorce rates Urbanization Racial homogeneity Age composition
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Racial homegeneity
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Kennedy et al suggest that government interventions to remove disparities in income inequality and economic opportunity could coincide with a decrease in homicide rates, as could increased support for social services.
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True
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According to Williams & McShane, Edwin Sutherland was attempting to explain both individual criminal behavior and variations in group rates of crime.
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True
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In forming his theory, Sutherland took into account each of the following EXCEPT: A. Criminal behavior is not necessarily different from conventional behavior. B. Certain people and locations are more crime-prone than others. C. Values are important in determining behavior. D. Individual responses to societal reaction vary in sensitivity and vulnerability.
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Individual responses to societal reaction vary in sensitivity and vulnerability
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According to Williams & McShane, Sutherland borrowed which three major theories from the Chicago School? A. Cultural transmission/concentric zones/culture conflict B. Cultural transmission/symbolic interactionism/culture conflict C. Symbolic interactionism/culture conflict/social disorganization D. Symbolic interactionism/concentric zones/culture conflict
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Cultural transmissions/symbolic interactionism/culture conflict
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Differential association is what type of theory? A. Conflict B. Consensus C. Positivist D. Structural
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Positivist
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According to Sutherland, differential associations may vary according to each of the following EXCEPT: A. Relativity. B. Intensity. C. Priority. D. Duration.
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Relativity
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According to Williams & McShane, Dan Glaser extended Sutherland's work with his own theory of: A. Differential interactionism. B. Differential identification. C. Symbolic association. D. Differential group organization
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Differential identification
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In addition to differential association theory, Edwin Sutherland is known as the person who coined the phrase: A. Learning theory. tB. White-collar crime. C. Social disorganization. D. Principles of imitation.
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White-collar crime.
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What was the premise underlying Howard Becker's study of marijuana users? A. People become users because they are physiologically predisposed to drug use. B. People who become marijuana are psychologically different from non-users. C. Once a person tries marijuana, s/he will become a regular user. D. People must learn to perceive smoking marijuana as desirable before they can become regular users.
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People must learn to perceive smoking marijuana as desirable before they can become regular users
