question

____________ involves employing the scientific method to produce research findings that can validate a theory.

answer

Deontology

question

According to WIlliam Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?

answer

Mesomorph

question

Which criminologist believed that criminals could be identified by observing the physical traits of offenders?

answer

Lombroso

question

Sociobiology differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that genetic and biological conditions affect:

answer

How social behaviors are percieved

question

Henry Goddard, Richard Dugdale, adnd Arthur Estabrook were advocates of which school of thought?

answer

Chicago school

question

The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature is known as:

answer

Biophobia

question

Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate?

answer

The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade

question

The study of brain activity is called:

answer

Neurophysiology

question

It has been argued that declining levels of which hormone help to explain the aging-out process?

answer

Testosterone

question

Neurological deficits may interact with another trait or social condition to produce antisocial behaviors. Research conducted by Raine found that children who had experienced birth complications and who then experienced ______ were more likely to engage in criminal offending than children who did not experience these factors.

answer

Maternal Rejection

question

Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of spouse and child abuse, suicide, aggressiveness, and motiveless homicide. This disorder is a type of:

answer

Neurotransmitter Disorder

question

A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention and an excess of impulsivity is known as:

answer

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

question

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often accompanied by which disorder?

answer

Conduct disorder

question

The notion that some individuals may engage in crime because of the attraction of "getting away with it" is known as:

answer

Arousal Theory

question

What do studies of monozygatic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins indicate?

answer

If one member of a twin pair was delinquent, so was the other, and the effect was greater for MZ twin pairs

question

Some researchers feel that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research, is usually the effect of sibling influence on criminality. This is referred to as the:

answer

Twin Effect

question

According to Freud, which part of the brain is involved in instant gratification?

answer

Id

question

According to Freud, the superego is the ________ aspect of one's personality.

answer

Moral

question

According to Freud, which part of the brain controls impulses and desires for immediate gratification?

answer

Id

question

John Bowlby is most closely associated with which theory?

answer

Attachment

question

The psychodynamic model of the criminal offender depicts an aggressive, frustrated person dominated by events that occurred during:

answer

Early childhood

question

The concept used to describe people who have feelings of inadequacy and compensate for them with a drive for superiority (controlling others) is:

answer

Inferiority complex

question

Social learning theory holds that people learn to be aggressive through their life experiences. Which of these is not a source of this behavior-modeling process?

answer

Religious affiliation

question

Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behavior of child abusers. What distorted thinking pattern/perception is expressed by child abusers?

answer

Abusers express all these thinking patterns/perceptions

question

People at the highest stages of moral development refrain from crime because they:

answer

Believe in duty to others and universal rights

question

Some violent offenders have a disturbed character structure commonly referred to as psychopathy, sociopathy, or antisocial personality. What is known about the psychopathic personality?

answer

Children who lack the opportunity to form an attachment to a mother figure during the first three years of life are most likely to develop psychopathic personalities

question

One of the most widely used psychological tests designed to measure many different personality traits, including psychopathic deviation, schizophrenia, and hypomania, is known as the:

answer

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

question

A frequently administered personality test used to distinguish deviant from nondeviant groups is the.

answer

California Personality Inventory

question

Psychologist Hans Eysneck linked personality to crime when he identified two distinct traits--extroversion/introversion and

answer

Stability--instability

question

The antisocial personality concept seems to mesh with what is known about chronic offending. Which percent of chronic offenders exhibit sociopathic behavior patterns?

answer

80

question

According to the moral and intellectual development branch cognitive theory, what is wrong with criminals?

answer

They have low levels of moral reasoning development

question

Recent research on IQ and crime suggests that low IQ increases the likelihood of criminal behavior through its effect on:

answer

School performance

question

Which crime-prevention programs focus on reducing recidivism rates?

answer

Tertiary prevention programs

question

Beccaria believed that criminals choose to commit crime and that criminal choices could be controlled by:

answer

Fear of punishment

question

Beccaria believed that humans were naturally:

answer

Egotistical and self-centered

question

Rational choice theory is rooted in the classical school of criminology developed by:

answer

Cesare Beccaria

question

If petty offenses were subject to the same punishment as more serious crimes, offenders would choose the worst crime. This is referred to as the concept of:

answer

Marginal deterrence

question

Beccaria's beliefs and writings about the proportionality of crime and punishment have been credited as the basis for the elimination of what nineteenth-century practice?

answer

Torture

question

Before choosing to commit a crime, _________ criminals evaluate the risk of apprehension, the seriousness of punishment, the potential value, and the immediate need for criminal gain.

answer

Reasoning

question

Who wrote Seductions of Crime, a book that argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality?

answer

Jack Katz

question

The view that criminals are not robots who engage in random acts of antisocial behavior reflects ____________ crime.

answer

Offender-specific

question

___________ violations involve encounters in which the grievant's essential character has been challenged.

answer

Status-based

question

Most burglars prefer to commit crimes in neighborhoods that contain a greater than usual number of access streets. These neighborhoods are referred to as:

answer

Permeable neighborhoods

question

While outwardly considered the most irrational of offenders, serial murders are considered rational killers because:

answer

They pick their targets with care

question

Some law violators describe the adrenaline rush that comes from successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations. This integration of danger, risk, and skill is, for some, a seduction of crime and is referred to as:

answer

Edgework

question

The belief that crime can be reduced by modifying that physical environment to reduce opportunity is called:

answer

Defensible space

question

Well-lit housing projects that maximize surveillance reflect Oscar Newman's concept of _______ that suggests that crime can be prevented via the use of residential architectural designs that reduce criminal opportunity.

answer

Defensible space

question

When urban planners consider the characteristics of sites that are at risk for crime, the factors that attract people to these sites, and what equips potential criminals to take advantage of the illegal opportunities offered, they are engaging in a practice known as:

answer

Situational crime prevention

question

Brightly displaying "no littering" signs is an example of eliminating:

answer

Excuses

question

Adding a security guard to reduce shoplifting in a department store is an example of a crime:

answer

Discourager

question

When efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevents another and when crime control efforts in one locale reduce crime in other, nontarget areas, this is called:

answer

Diffusion of benefits

question

Situational crime prevention is not without its problems. When crime-reduction programs redirect offenders to alternative targets, the practice is termed:

answer

Crime displacement

question

Officer Smith with the Charleston, SC, police department begins motorcycle patrols in an effort to reduce public intoxication offenses in the downtown area. The increased police presence reduces public intoxication offenses in downtown Charleston, but in neighboring communities, a spike in these offenses occurs. This is an example of:

answer

Displacement

question

When an effort to prevent one crime has the unintended consequences of preventing other crimes, this is referred to as:

answer

Diffusion of benfits

question

According to ____________, punishment has the potential to discourage all individuals in the population from committing crime.

answer

General Deterrence

question

According to the deterrence theory, if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning could be increased, crime rates should:

answer

Decline

question

The three components of deterrence theory are severity, certainty, and speed of legal sanctions (punishment). Of these components, deterrence theorists tend to believe that the which component of punishment seems to have the strongest impact.

answer

Certainty

question

The Kansas City, Missouri, police department's study of patrol effectiveness convinced criminologists that:

answer

The mere presence of patrol officers on the street did not have a deterrent effect

question

"Crackdowns" are sudden changes in police activity designed to lower crime rates through an increase in the communicated threat or actual certainty of punishment. What does research indicate about the effectiveness of crackdowns?

answer

Crackdowns initially deter crime, but the effect soon wears off after the high-intensity police activity ends.

question

Which statement best reflects the effect of informal sanctions aimed at shame and humiliation?

answer

Their effectiveness depends on the amount of media attention they recieve

question

What do immediate impact studies indicate about capital punishment's deterrent effect on murder?

answer

Impact studies indicate that the overall impact of executions might actually increase the incidence of homicide.

question

According to rational choice theory, why might a criminal decide not to commit crime?

answer

The criminal perceives that crime is too risky

question

___________ argues that punishing an offender will prevent that offender from committing the same crime again.

answer

Specific deterrence

question

After the famous Minneapolis domestic violence study, other studies and analyses have been conducted. Overall, what are the implications of these domestic violence studies?

answer

These studies indicate that if offenders were released after arrest, no deterrent effect was evidenced.

question

Criminologists argue that "three strikes" policies will not work because:

answer

Current sentences for violent crimes are already too severe

question

The view that purposes placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years in order to lessen their opportunity to commit crime is known as:

answer

Incapacitation effect

question

Evaluations of incarceration strategies reveal that their impact may be less than expected. Why might incarceration not work?

answer

Because prison exposes young, impressionable offenders to higher-risk, more experienced inmates who can influence their lifestyle and shape their attitudes.

question

The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished is known as:

answer

Just desserts

question

According to Von Hirsch's view on "just desserts," why is punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation wrong?

answer

Punishment based on deterrence or incapacitation involves an offender's future actions.

question

The concept of "just desserts" has been proposed by Von Hirsch as a theoretical model to guide justice policy. Which statement reflects that just desserts theory is concerned with the rights of the accused?

answer

An offender who violates others' rights deserves to be punished

question

Some rational choice theorists believe that all criminal behavior, no matter how destructive or seemingly irresponsible, is actually a matter of thought and decision making.

answer

Ture

question

Rational choice theory has roots in the positivist school of criminology developed by Lombroso.

answer

False

question

To deter people from committing more serious offenses, Beccaria believed punishment should be as severe as possible regardless of the offense.

answer

False

question

British philosopher Jeremy Bentham helped popularize the view of utilitarianism.

answer

True

question

According to Bentham, the purpose of law is to produce and support the total happiness of the community it serves.

answer

False

question

British philosopher Sir Lawrence Driscoll wrote the book On Crimes and Punishment, from which the Classical School was developed.

answer

False

question

If a crime is offense-specific, offenders have weighed their abilities, resources, needs, and levels of fear.

answer

False

question

Status-based violations occur when an individual challenges a criminal's manhood or character.

answer

True

question

The Division of Labor in Society was authored by:

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

People in the United States live in what type of society?

answer

Stratified

question

Which of the following groups has the lowest level of income?

answer

African American

question

Individuals who have been cut off from society and whose members lack the education and skills needed to be effectively in demand in modern society are considered members of the:

answer

Underclass

question

In 1966, Oscar Lewis argued that the crushing lifestyle or lower-class areas produce __________, which is/are passed from one generation to the next.

answer

Culture of poverty

question

Poverty during early childhood may have a more severe impact on behavior than poverty during adolescence or adulthood. What percent of American children live in poverty?

answer

45

question

Members of the underclass who are socially isolated, live in urban inner cities, occupy the bottom rung of the social ladder, and are the victims of discrimination are known as:

answer

The truly disadvantaged

question

What are the three branches of social structure theory?

answer

Social disorganization theory, strain theory, cultural deviance theory

question

A socially disorganized area is one in which ___________ have broken down and can no longer carry out their expected or stated functions.

answer

Institutions of social control

question

The theory that holds that crime is a function of one's inability to achieve personal goals (such as earning money, owning a home, having a nice car) because society is stratified by socioeconomic class is called:

answer

Strain theory

question

According to Durkheim, __________ occurs in a society in which rules of behavior have broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid social change or social crisis, such as war or famine.

answer

Anomie

question

___________ is a characteristic of preindustrial society, held together by traditions, shared values, and unquestioned beliefs.

answer

Mechanic Solidarity

question

When individuals use culturally approved means to attain social goals, this is known as:

answer

Innovation

question

When an individual accepts the goals of society, but rejects the legitimate means and instead achieves the goals through crime, it is called:

answer

Rebellion

question

Those who reject the goals but retain the traditional means to retain the little they have been able to achieve represent which type of adaption?

answer

Conformists

question

Institutional anomie argues that the high rate of crime in the United States is due to its overemphasis on which institution?

answer

Economics

question

The application of sociological concepts to criminology can be traced to the works of Quetelet and Durkheim.

answer

True

question

People in the United States live in a stratified society.

answer

True

question

Findings suggest that poverty experienced during adolescence may have a more severe impact than poverty experienced during early childhood or during childhood.

answer

False

question

The three branches of social structure theory are social disorganization, deterrence, and cultural deviance.

answer

False

Criminology–Ch 4-6 – Flashcards

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