CJ Theories Test 2 – Flashcards
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The Chicago School purported that behavior is shaped by:
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Social factors
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The process by which social disorganization affects juveniles and leads to delinquency is known as:
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Cultural Transmission
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Culture conflict theory was developed primarily by:
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Thorsten Sellin
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Which of the following ideas does NOT belong to the Chicago School?
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Criminals are people who are inherently deviant
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Which of the following statements best reflects Shaw and McKay's findings on city areas?
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Rates of delinquency, tuberculosis, and infant mortality decrease as you move away from the central business district.
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W. I. Thomas developed a term that could be used to explain how a person may receive inappropriate cues from different groups and thus be seen as deviant. This term was:
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Definition of the Situation
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In the example of culture conflict in the text box, the clash of values was between American laws and ___________.
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An Ethiopian ritual.
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Secondary culture conflict refers to:
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Conflict between a subculture and a larger culture within which it resides.
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Defensible space is a concept in _______________ theory.
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environmental design
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Sampson's research on current immigrant communities
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does not support the idea that predominantly immigrant areas have higher crime rates, particularly violent crime
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The Chicago School was often referred to as the ______ school.
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Ecological
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The weakening of primary social relationships is known as social ______.
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disorganization
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Rodney Starks' version of ecological theory focuses on ______ places.
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deviant
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According to Shaw and McKay, crime and delinquency, as well as other forms of social ills, can be found in greater concentration in the zone of ______.
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transition
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In forming his theory, Sutherland took into account each of the following EXCEPT:
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individual responses to societal reaction vary in sensitivity and vulnerability
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Cressey responded to criticisms that differential association did not explain crimes of passion or compulsive crimes with his work combining:
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role theory and symbolic interaction
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Many believe that Sutherland's theory was heavily influenced by his upbringing, which took place in the ________________ part of the country.
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midwestern
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Sutherland's own views were said to be shaped by his early interest in:
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All of the Above: prohibition; the criminalization of drug use; the Great Depression
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Two of Sutherland's books were:
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Principles of Criminology and The Professional Thief.
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According to Sutherland, differential associations may vary according to each of the following EXCEPT
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relativity
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Dan Glaser extended Sutherland's work with his own theory of:
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differential association
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Sutherland attempted to explain both individual criminal behavior and variations in group rates of crime.
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True
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Which of the following is a criticism of differential association theory?
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It accounts only for the communication of criminal values, not their emergence.
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The primary concept in Sutherland's theory of differential association is
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an excess of definitions conducive to violation of law
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According to Cressey, how we spur on or encourage behavior with rationalizations is called a vocabulary of _________.
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motives
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Who wrote a critique of crimonology as lacking sufficient theory and research, which prompted the drafting of differential association theory?
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Michael & Adler
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In Durkheim's "mechanical society" people have
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group-oriented goals
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Merton did not support assumptions from
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Freud's theories
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For Elliott and Voss, shifting the focus of strain to the immediacy of goals allowed them to include which group in their research?
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middle-class delinquents
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What is the most common of the four deviant modes of adaptation?
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innovation
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Anomie can be defined as:
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Disjunction (or distinction) between cultural goals and socially approved means.
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According to Durkheim, deregulated society is also likely to cause:
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higher rates of suicide
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According to anomie theory, if a person rejected the goals but accepted the means, that person would be exhibiting behavior characterized as:
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ritualism
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Merton's theory of deviant behavior:
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involves the relationship between goals and means
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Shoplifting, auto theft and burglary would best fit into which of Merton's five modes of adaptation?
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innovation
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If a person rejects both the goals and means and then substitutes new goals and means, that person is engaging in
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rebellion
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Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfield modified strain theory to include more specific areas of social breakdown. They call their version ____ strain theory.
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institutional
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The complex contractual society that Durkheim saw implementing the division of labor was one he characterized by _____ solidarity.
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organic
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If an individual accepts the goals of society but rejects the means to achieve them, then Merton referred to their adaptation mode as:
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innovation
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Kornhauser, brown, Esbensen, and Geis suggested that one possible policy implementation of anomie theory would be to reduce ____.
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aspirations
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Failure of schools, churches, and law to regulate control over individuals.
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Institutional strain theory
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Sutherland borrowed three major theories from the Chicago School
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cultural transmission, symbolic interactionism, culture conflict
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According to Merton, his theory and which other theory are complementary?
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Differential Association
