question

According to the text, learning is a ______ in behavior that results from some type of experience.

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Relatively permanent change

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Walking to school is to _____ conditioning as sweating in a frightening situation is to _____ conditioning.

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Operant; Classical

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As I look at my messy apartment, I am reminded of my friend's ultra-clean apartment. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of______

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Contrast

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Aristotle's law of _____ and _____ are still considered important aspects of learning.

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Frequency; Contiguity

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Descartes believed that the behaviors of nonhuman animals are______

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Entirely reflexive

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In the method of _____, experimental subjects try to accurately describe their inner thoughts and emotions.

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Introspection

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William James was a ____ while Titchener was a______

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Functionalist; Structuralist

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Structuralism is to functionalism as_____ is to _____

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Titchener; James

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One similarity between structuralism and functionalism is that both approaches

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utilize the method of introspection

question

The principle or mechanism that explains how species change across generations in response to environmental pressures is

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natural selection

question

This person strongly criticized psychology for emphasizing the study of conscious experience

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Watson

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According to _____, a major problem with the study of internal events is that one has to make inferences that are often ______.

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Watson; unreliable

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Following his banishment from a university position, Watson

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Became the "pop" psychologist of his era. & applied the principles of conditioning to advertising.

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Which school of behaviorism is most likely to consider reports about thoughts and feelings to be unscientific?

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methodological behaviorism

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Which of the following theorist is most likely to be disgusted with a discussion about the psychological importance of daydreaming?

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Watson

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Watson's specific theory of learning was

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a stimulus-response theory

question

Watson's specific theory of learning was

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an S-R theory, and derived largely from Pavlov's work on classical conditioning

question

Of the following behaviorists, who would most likely reject the assumption that genes play a strong role in determining differences in math ability?

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Watson

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Neobehaviorism utilizes interveneing variables, usually in the form of hypothesized______, to help explain behavior.

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physiological processes

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Which school of behaviorism would be most interesting in the effect of thirst on behavior?

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neobehaviorism

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The social learning approach

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Recognizes the distinction between learning and performance. Is more closely aligned to Tolman's approach than Hull's. and Assigns an important role to Self-Referent thoughts.

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" Thoughts are just another form of behavior that should be studied as such" The behaviorist most likely to have uttered such statement is?

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Skinner

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Skinner_______ the role of genetic influences on behavior

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Clearly recognized

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According to Skinner, behavior is ultimately the result of______ influences.

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both genetic and enviornmental

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The science of Physiology is to the practice of medicine as_____ is to______

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behavior analysis; applied behavior analysis

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What is the relationship between ' radical behaviorism' and 'behavior analysis'?

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Radical behaviorism is the philosophical basis for behavior analysis

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A strong trait of B.F. Skinner's that later became reflected in his brand of behaviorism was his

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Objectivity

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Concerning his book, "Beyond Freedom and Dignity", Skinner was severely criticized for

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Rejecting the concept of free will.

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Jason thinks that great scientists are born and not made while Allison thinks that they have simply been given superior training. Jason is best described as a(n)_____, while Allison is best described as a(n)_______

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Nativist; Empiricist

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This person suggested that at least some types of behavior are mechanistic, and can therefore be scientifically investigated

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Descartes

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"I am able to control only some of my behaviors" This statement best exemplifies _______ theory of human behavior.

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Descartes'

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The British empiricists promoted the notion that knowledge is almost entirely a function of

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Experience

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This perspective hold that it is possible to understand the mind by identifying its basic elements

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Structuralism

question

Judit is asked to report her precise thought patterns as she plans her next move in chess. This is an example of

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Introspection

question

The structuralist emphasis on______ helped establish psychology as a scientific discipline.

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Systematic Observation

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Natural selection leads to changes in a species because

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Some individuals reproduce more than others

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From an evolutionary perspective, the ability to learn is considered to be

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An adaptation

question

Consider these two statements: (A) the dog salivates because it knows that I am about to give it a treat; (B) the dog salivates as a reflexive response to the smell of food. Which statement violates Morgan's Canon?

answer

A

question

Although extreme, Watson's methodological behaviorism played a valuable role in enabling psychology to

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Break free from the extreme mentalism of the times.

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Which behaviorists would be LEAST interested in conducting an experiment on a person's ability to form mental images?

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Watson

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In an S-R theory, learning is believed to involve the formation of connections between _____ stimuli and _____ response.

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Specific; Specific

question

With respect to the nature-nurture debate, ____ shifted over time toward becoming an extreme proponent of the ____ perspective with respect to human behavior

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Watson; Nurture

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According to Ericsson and colleagues' (1993) study of expert performance, heredity may influence expert performance in determining

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The extent to which one becomes interesting in a subject matter. And also ones ability to endure the hard work that is required.

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A mental representation of one's surroundings is a

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Cognitive map

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Janice always gets lost whenever she deviates from the route that she normally takes when she drives home. Tolman would be most likely to say that she is suffering from a defective

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Cognitive map

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Observational learning is a particularly important aspect of

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Social learning theory

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This behaviorist believes that our behavior is often strongly influenced by the beliefs we have about our own abilities.

answer

Bandura

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According to Skinner, feelings are often inaccurately described because, when parents teach children to label internal events,

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They can only make inferences about what the children are actually feeling.

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Dr. Franzoi notices that one of her patients has great difficulty describing her emotions, possibly because she was severely neglected as a young child. The behaviorist who would be most interesting in this matter would probably be

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Skinner

question

Skinner's notion of ______ is similar to Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism.

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Counter control

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"That which works remains; that which doesn't work is eliminated." This statement reflects the principle of

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Natural selection and Operant conditioning

question

John is having difficulty learning a new swim stroke. Fortunately for him, his swim coach is a

answer

behaviorist

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"Great athletes are made, not born." This statement most exemplifies the _____ approach to behavior

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Empiricist

question

Skinner's book, "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" Proposed that

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Society must be engineered to control human behavior for the better

question

The ______ variable is the outcome that is measured in an experiment.

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Dependent

question

The relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable is know as a _______ relationship

answer

Functional

question

If a certain diet affects the extent to which one is likely to acquire a certain disease, then there is a ______ relationship.

answer

Functional

question

Suppose that every time Randy watches a horror movie, he has a nightmare that same evening. Also suppose that he never has a nightmare except when he watches a horror movie. This example demonstrates a ______ between watching horror movies and having nightmares.

answer

Functional

question

A flashing light, a loud bang, and a bad smell are all

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Stimuli

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The push-ups that I did this morning are best described as an example of a(n)

answer

Overt behavior

question

Whenever Mehmed listens to a lecture by Dr. Dull, he begins to day dream. From Mehmed's perspective, the daydreaming is a(n)______ while the lecture by Dr. Dull is a ______.

answer

Covert response; Stimulus

question

Overt behavior is to______ as covert behavior is to______

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talking; daydreaming

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For most children, a bee sting is to_____ as candy is to____

answer

aversive; appetitive

question

If Sara drinks her fill of water, she will then become______ on water.

answer

Satiated

question

On a cumulative record, a _____ indicates a ______ of response.

answer

Flat line; lack of

question

On a cumulative record, a _____ indicates a ______ of response.

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Shallow line, low rate

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Jonah's piano teacher is trying to get him to shorten the time it takes to play a Beethoven sonata. The appropriate behavioral measure is therefore

answer

speed.

question

In a series of twenty intervals, John bites his nails the following number of times: 2,0,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,2,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,0. Using an interval recording procedure, the overall level of nail biting is calculated as

answer

75%

question

The judges at a high diving competition are mostly concerned with the _____ of the behavior

answer

T0pograpy

question

The _____ methods of research do not involve the manipulation of variables.

answer

Descriptive

question

A rare type of psychiatric disorder is most likely to be studied using the

answer

case study approach

question

Problems with the descriptive research approach include

answer

Inability to determine cause and effect relationships

question

A new standard teaching method is being tested on students. Three age groups of students will receive either the new method, or a standard (control) method. If the new method is only effective on the youngest age group of students, you would say that there is ______ between the effects of the drug and the effects of age

answer

An interaction

question

In which of the following designs would you NOT expect to have random assignment to groups?

answer

Comparative design

question

Limitations of control group designs include

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Little attention given to the behavior of individual subjects. The need for a large number of subjects. Results are often interpreted only at the end of the study.

question

Control group designs are useful for studying

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The average effect of a variable on a large number of individuals

question

Single-subject designs are research designs that require

answer

Only one or a few subjects

question

The problem with a simple comparison design is that

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It doesn't fully control for the influence of other variables. It is insufficient for demonstrating a clear functional relationship

question

If you want to convince someone that his habit of watching exciting tv shows each evening is causing his insomnia, it would best to use which type of experimental design?

answer

Reversal

question

For a reversal design to clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of a certain treatment, the behavior must

answer

Return to its original baseline level during the second baseline phase.

question

Youcef sets up an exercise program in which he will try to gradually increase the number of push-ups he does each day. The most appropriate design for assessing the effectiveness of his program would be a

answer

Changing-criterion design.

question

A(n) _____ is any characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change over time or across situations

answer

Variable

question

In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, food deprivation is the_____variable

answer

Independent variable

question

In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, activity level is the______variable

answer

Dependent

question

In an experiment concerning the effects of reward on compliance in children, ______ is the dependent variable

answer

Compliant behavior

question

The sound of a door slam causes your cat to jump off the couch. The sound of the door slam is______

answer

Stimulus

question

Depriving an animal of food is an example of a(n)

answer

Establishing operation

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