PSYC 233 Test 1 – Flashcards
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A hypothesis is a(n) _____.
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prediction that can be tested
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The process by which a response becomes linked to particular stimulus is called _____.
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conditioning
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_____ are the foundation of psychoanalytic theory.
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Inner drives and motives
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The teacher praised the students for their good work on the spelling test. The teacher hopes that the praise will encourage the students to study hard for the next spelling test. In this example, praise is operating as a _____.
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reinforcement
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Which developmentalist was the first to describe the interaction between culture and education?
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Lev Vygotsky
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Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the _____ debate.
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nature versus nurture
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The people in which group are DEFINITELY members of the same cohort?
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current middle school students
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What is NOT a problem with longitudinal research?
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the aging of the participants
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According to Piaget, restructuring old ideas to include new experiences is called _____.
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accommodation
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_____ are the foundation of cognitive theory.
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A person's thoughts and attitudes
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High school classmates are part of the same _____
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cohort
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What does the science of human development seek to understand?
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how and why people change over time
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People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language, culture, and religion are called a(n) _____.
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ethnic group
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Bettie and Zahara belong to different cohorts. The only DEFINITE difference between these two women is _____.
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age
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Experiments allow researchers to _____.
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determine a cause-and-effect relationship
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IRB stands for _____.
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Institutional Review Board
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In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, a school in the community is an example of which system?
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the exosystem
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A correlation is considered to be zero if _____.
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there is no connection between the variables
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Greg, who is 5 years old, is the tallest person in his kindergarten class. When his teacher asked him how he thought he got so tall, he said proudly, "My mom and dad are tall and I eat good food!" Greg's statement reflects that he understands that human development comes from _____.
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environment and heredity combined
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With regard to cognitive development, Piaget argued that _____ is more revealing than _____.
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how children think; what they know
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To determine if vitamin D consumption slows the progress of multiple sclerosis, a researcher would most likely use _____.
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a laboratory experiment
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What is an independent variable?
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It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
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Freud's _____ stage centers on sucking and feeding.
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oral
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A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that there is a _____ between the two variables.
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relationship
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The boss praised his hourly employees for their good work. The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard. In this example, the reinforcement is _____.
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the boss's praise
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In development, nurture refers to _____.
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environmental influences
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An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.
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neighborhood
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Which is an example of the influence of nature?
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having the gene for epilepsy
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The human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of _____.
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a critical period
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If a researcher finds a positive correlation between school grades and school attendance, one can conclude that _____.
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high attendance and high grades occur together
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During the fetal period of development, ____.
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the brain increases in size
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A small section of a chromosome that is the basic unit for the transmission of heredity is a _____.
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gene
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Laurel has a recessive gene in her genotype that is not expressed in her phenotype. She is a(n) _____ of that gene.
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carrier
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A baby born three or more weeks early is called _____.
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preterm
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Adults who were low-birthweight babies have higher rates of _____.
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diabetes
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Twins who are the same sex and are similar in appearance and traits are _____.
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???
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Postpartum depression _____.
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can be reduced by successful breast-feeding
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In 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, both members of the pair are closely matched. Each of these 44 chromosomes is called a(n) _____.
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???
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The process of methylation can do all of the following to genetic instructions EXCEPT _____.
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remove them
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Isaac and Xavier are playing basketball. Isaac shoots the ball and Xavier blocks the shot. Isaac says, "Wow, I didn't realize how tall you were until you did that!" Xavier's comment refers to Isaac's _____.
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phenotype
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Which of the following statements is true about alcohol use disorder?
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Alcohol use disorder is polygenic and culture is a pivotal factor.
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An individual's inherited biochemistry reacts to alcohol in different ways, causing various reactions in humans. These include all of the following EXCEPT _____.
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hunger
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Eric learned in his college biology class that, with respect to the sex chromosomes, the _____.
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X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome and has more genes
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Genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs are referred to as _____.
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copy number variations
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Cerebral palsy was once thought to be the result of something that happened during the birth procedure, but we now know it can result from each of the following EXCEPT _____.
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Huntington disease
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Couples can select the sex of a child by all of the following methods EXCEPT _____.
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selecting only X eggs for fertilization
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t the onset of the embryonic period, the _____ appear(s). It will eventually become the neural tube.
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primitive streak
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All of the following affect vision EXCEPT _____.
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gender
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When Alexia was born, she suffered a lack of oxygen for a small amount of time. Alexia experienced _____.
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anoxia
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Every person begins life as a single cell, which is called a _____.
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zygote
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he critical factor in attaining the age of viability is _____.
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surviving at least 28 weeks past conception
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A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for _____.
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prenatal abnormalities
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Which female is more likely to naturally conceive dizygotic twins?
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a woman from America
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The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn _____.
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might survive outside the uterus
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After twins are conceived, their chance of survival until birth depends on the prenatal circumstances. An early sonogram might reveal two developing organisms, but later only one embryo continues to grow. This is referred to as the _____ twin phenomenon.
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vanishing
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The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.
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homozygous
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Which of the following is TRUE about rates of c-sections and epidurals?
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They vary by doctor, hospital, day of the week, and region.
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A baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since conception is referred to as _____.
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small for gestational age
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A father's presence at a child's birth _____.
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reduces the likelihood of birth complications
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Approximately once in every _____ births, a newborn survives with 45, 47, or even 48 or 49 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
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200
