health 107 – Flashcards
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3 facts of present day drug use and abuse
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includes illegal drugs and legally sanctioned drugs, direct and indirect monetary costs of drug abuse, and its not just young's people issue
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Illegal drugs
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cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, LSD, and marijuana
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legally sanctioned drugs
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nicotine and alcohol
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4 major cost of drug use and abuse
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-Lost workplace productivity -Illnesses related to drug use -The costs incurred by victims -Maintaining a criminal justice system
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social messages about drugs
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-Mixed messages about drug use are prevalent -Cigarette advertisement -Marketing campaigns associate drinking alcohol with a desirable lifestyle filled with friendship, sex, and romance -Beer commercials: -Local and national public officials have admitted their experiences with marijuana earlier in their lives. (U.S president Bill Clinton, U.S vice president Al Gore)
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Cigarette advertisement examples
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-Joe Camel, Marlboro Man and Virginia Slims were designed to convey the attractiveness of smoking. -Yet, warning labels about health hazards were on the cigarette packs -1998 federal regulations stopped these advertisements.
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Beer commerical
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-Are promoted during athletic events. -Designed to be fun and engaging. -End with tagline to "drink responsibly."
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Two basic ways to look at drugs and society
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-First, are biological, psychological and sociological effects of drugs; (Psychoactive drugs and Illicit drugs ) -Second, are social circumstances that lead to drug-taking behavior.
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psychoactive drugs
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alter our feelings, thoughts, and perceptions
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illicit drugs
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are illegal and have criminal penalties.
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Drug dependence
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occurs when an individual feels a compulsive need to continue taking a drug and in the process the drug assumes an increasingly central role in the individual's life.
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licit drugs
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drugs whose manufacture, sale, or possession is legal
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what is drug?
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A chemical substance that, when taken into the body, alters the structure or functioning of the body in some way.
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example of drugs
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-Prescription medications -Alcohol and nicotine -Street drugs
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instrumental and recreational use
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Based upon the intent of the individual, drug use can be categorized as either instrumental or recreational
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Instrumental use
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A person is taking a drug with socially-approved goal in mind.
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Recreational use
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A person is taking the drug for the sole purpose of experiencing its psychoactive properties (to get "high").
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Drug names
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Brand names , Generic names, Natural-product names, Street names
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Brand names
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are the registered trademark name given by the manufacturer while under the life of the patent.
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Generic names
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are based on the chemical name once a patent has expired.
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Natural-product names
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are based on the plant or chemicals from which the drug originates from.
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Street names
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are the slang terms generated by the subculture of drug users.
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drug misuse
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When a prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) drug is used inappropriately (Dangerous and potentially lethal)
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Drug abuse
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Drug-taking behavior where primary motivation is recreational with the purpose of becoming impaired
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Effective dose
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is the minimal dose of a drug necessary to produce the intended effect in a given percentage of the population.
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Lethal dose
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is the minimal dose of a drug capable of producing death in a given percentage of the population
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Therapeutic index
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is a measure of the drug's relative safety for use. (Uses the ratio of lethal dose for 50 percent to the effective dose for 50 percent of the population)
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Margin of safety
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is the ration of a lethal dose for 1% of the population to the effective dose for 99% of the population.
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The problem of drug toxicity
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-The margin of safety should be as high as possible for a drug to be considered relatively safe to use. -FDA required for licit drugs -Testing is only accurate if the user takes it exactly as prescribed and is not mixing it with other licit or illicit drugs. -No testing is done on illicit drugs, which are often mixed with unknown substances.
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The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)
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is a federal program in which metropolitan hospitals report the incidence of drug-related lethal and nonlethal emergencies. -Tracks the number of times a person enters the emergency department for drug use and the number of drug- related deaths
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The DAWN Reports
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-2011 DAWN Survey 2.5 million drug-related hospital visits -Single drug consumption 47% were from prescription drugs. 44% were from illicit drugs. -One third of the time drug-related hospital visits involved more than one drug (polydrug use). -reports for alcohol-only hospital visits consist only of those over the age of 21. -In 2011, cocaine represented the most hospital visits (40%), followed by marijuana (36%), heroin (21%), and methamphetamine (13%). -Men were twice as likely than women to have a drug-related hospital visit
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DAWN Reports are taken from
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metropolitan areas.
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DAWN Reports show trends
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in drug use, abuse, and deaths.
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More than four times as many Americans die from
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tobacco-related illnesses as die from alcohol-related and illicit drug-related problems combined.
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Chronic toxicity
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is the physical or psychological harm a drug might cause over a long period of use.
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Prevalence of drug use is based on self-reports.
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Honesty is encouraged. Answers are confidential
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monitoring the future study
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-Conducted annually since 1975 by the University of Michigan -Approximately 41,000 8th, 10th, and 12th graders participate and an additional 7,000 adults between 19 and 55 years old participate. -Allows for the examination of trends
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Monitoring the future study: 4 types of questions
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1. If the individual has ever used a certain drug 2. If the individual has used a certain drug in the past year 3. If an individual has used certain drug in the past 30 days 4. If an individual has used a certain drug on a daily basis during the previous 30 days
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Illicit drug use among high school seniors
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-Illicit drug use other than marijuana has declined and leveled-off since the 1980s. -About one out of three seniors had used marijuana over the past year in 2013 and one out of fifteen use it on a daily basis.
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Illicit drug use among Eighth and tenth graders
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8th and 10th grade trends tend to follow the 12th grade trends with the 8th graders using less then both the 10th and 12th graders
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Illicit drug use among college students
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-College students in 2013 when compared to high school seniors had a slightly lower annual prevalence rate (39%) of using illicit drugs. -Marijuana is the most prevalent illicit drug used
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Alcohol Use Among High School and College Students
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-In 2013, 39% of seniors reported drinking alcohol in the past month and 22% reported instances of binge drinking. -This is down when compared to the statistics in the 80s. -Decline might be due to national campaigns and reduction in accessibility.
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Alcohol Use Among High School and College Students
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-Drinking habits of college students have remained relatively unchanged since the mid-1990s. -In 2013, 63% of college students had consumed alcohol in the past month, and 35% reported binge drinking behavior.
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Tobacco Use Among High School and College Students
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-In 2013, 9% smoked cigarettes on a daily basis. -Remains the drug most frequently used on a daily basis for high school students -From the mid-1990s, smoking among high school students has declined. -Fewer college students smoke than high school seniors
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Drug Use and Perceived Risk
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-Trends of use of marijuana mirror the perceived risk of harm. -If a drug is perceived to be dangerous, use of that particular drug tends to decline.
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Illicit Drug Use Among Adults Aged 26 and Older
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National Survey on Drug Use and Health is a comprehensive report of prevalence rates of illicit drugs in several age groups across the life span
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Continuing Challenges
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-Synthetic "designer drugs" are flooding the country. -Incidence of nonmedical use of prescription and nonprescription medications has risen enormously in recent years. -The Internet has made it possible to make illicit drug transactions using virtual currency.
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Looking Ahead
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-The drug problem in America is a global problem. -Illicit drugs and unauthorized medications through elaborate drug trafficking flow into the U.S.
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Shaman
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acts as a healer through a combination of trances and plant-based medicines
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Ebers Papyrus
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65 foot long Egyptian scroll; contains more than 800 prescriptions for practically every aliment
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opium and castor oil
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had true medical value
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morphine (19th century)
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identified as the active ingredient of opium; had become physician's most reliable prescription for the control of pain due to disease and injury
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Cocaine (19th century)
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having been extracted from coca leaves was used as a stimulant and antidepressants
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Anesthetic drugs (19th century)
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were discovered that made surgery painless for the first time in history.
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Patent medicines (19th century)
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sold through advertisements, peddlers, or general stores, contained opium, alcolol, and cocaine, and were promoted as answers to virtually all common medical and nonmedical complaints
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opium (19th century)
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was cheap, easily available, and completely legal; the most respectable to way was to drink it, usually in a liquid called laudanum
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The orginal formula for Coca-Cola
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contained cocaine until 1903
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heroin (20th century)
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a derivative of morphine; physicians were impressed with its effectiveness in the treatment of coughs, chest pains, and respiratory difficulties; some physicians recommended heroin as a treatment for morphine addictions
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penicillin
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had been discovered in a particular species of mold by Alexander Fleming in 1928
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Streptomycin
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Selman Waksman; species of fungus had powerful antibacterial effects
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Chlorpromazine
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Brand name is Thorazine; reduced the hallucinations, agitation, and disordered thinking
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Examples of Club Drugs
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MDMA( ecstasy), GHB, ketamine, Rohypnol, methamphetamine, and LSD
