Criminology Test 1 – Flashcards
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Which of the following statements would probably not be made by a Classical School criminologist?
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I believe that forces beyond a person's control can affect his or her involvement in criminal behavior.
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An individual who dresses in an unusual way is most likely to be violating a ________ of his or her social group.
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folkway
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Which of the following was not an early demonic era explanation of personal deviance?
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Free will
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Early Roman law derived from the
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Twelve Tables
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The concept of the social contract was developed by
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Thomas Hobbes
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The present-day debate over abortion is an example of a current use of
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Natural law
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According to Cesare Beccaria, the purpose of punishment should be
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deterrence
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Jeremy Bentham's __________ approach emphasizes the determination of behavior based on the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce.
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hedonistic calculus
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Which of the following explanations of criminal behavior would not be acceptable to a positivist studying crime?
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Criminal behavior is due to individual choice
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David Fogel's justice model is based on the idea that
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offenders deserve punishment because of the choices they make
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Situational choice theory is an example of
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soft determinism
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Rational choice theories have been criticized for
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an overemphasis on individual choice
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________ focuses on preventing a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality.
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Specific deterrence
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___________ mandates a fixed amount of time to be served for each offense category
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Determinate sentencing
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Classical theories have been criticized for being less a theory of crime causation than a philosophy of
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justice
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Which abnormal chromosomal structure is associated with the concept of a "supermale"?
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XYY
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The studies of the Juke and the Kallikak families emphasized _________ as the primary source of criminality.
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genetics
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Biological theories tend to focus on _________ as the major determinant in controlling human behavior.
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The brain
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Which of the following physical feature would not be an appropriate indicator of atavism?
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Prominent tattoos
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Biological theories believe that crime causation can be understood by studying the interplay of all of the following except
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psychology
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Sociobiology is the systematic study of the _______ basis of all social behavior
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biological
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According to William Sheldon, _______ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders.
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mesomorphs
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A positivist would be most likely to argue in favor of
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social determinism
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Phrenology focused on
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the correspondence of the shape of the skull to the shape of the underlying brain.
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_________ theories explain criminality by reference to offenders' body types, genetics, or external physical characteristics.
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Constitutional
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According to positivism, how is valid knowledge acquired?
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Observation
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Which of the following crime control policies would be most likely to be proposed by an early positivist criminologist?
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Forced sterilization of convicted offenders
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According to Lombroso, which category of offenders should include someone who was tempted to commit a crime by a situational or environmental factor?
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Criminaloids
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The scientific study of the relationships between human physical characteristics and criminality is called
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criminal anthropology
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Which of the following social policies was developed during the eugenics movement?
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Selective human breeding
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A(n) __________ is a series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events.
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theory
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_______ research is undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge.
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Pure
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A _______ research design is particularly useful when some aspects of the social setting are beyond the control of the researcher.
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quasi-experimental
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After the results of a large research study on police procedures were publicized, the researchers were interested in determining whether the study had affected police policy. The researcher telephoned a large number of big-city police departments and asked a number of questions about department policies and procedures. This is an example of which data-gathering strategy?
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Survey research
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What is the first step in any research?
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Identify a problem
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Which is the only data-gathering technique that does not produce new data?
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Secondary analysis
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The "evidence" in evidence-based criminology refers to
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experimental scientific findings.
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Which of the following is not a critical ethical issue for criminal justice researchers?
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Application of results to social policy
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Evidence-based criminology is founded upon which research method?
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Randomized, controlled experiments
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The ideas of armchair criminologists achieve acclaim in all but which of the following ways?
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The systematic collection of related acts
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Which of the following statements is an example of a theory?
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Poverty is a root cause of illegal drug use.
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Which of the following is not a use of theory in social scientific thinking?
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Theories can be improved through hypothesis testing
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You are interested in determining whether allowing prison inmates to have televisions in their cells will reduce violent behavior. You measure the rate of violence in the prison, install televisions in all cells, and then measure the rate of violence again one month later to see if there has been any change. What research design have you used?
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A one-group pretest-posttest design
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Which of the following threats to internal validity is an example of the problem of experimental mortality?
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During a study comparing two groups of prison inmates, some of the members of one group are released on parole
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__________ treats numbers as having intrinsic scientific value.
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The mystic of quantity
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Sigmund Freud suggested that aggressive behavior is a natural response to
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frustration
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Which of the following probably will not result in disengagement?
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A child beats up a classmate and is praised by his father for his aggressive behavior
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The __________ holds that individuals cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions if at the time of the crime they did not know what they were doing or did not know that their actions were wrong.
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M'Naughten rule
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According to Dollard, _______ is violence directed against something or someone who is not the source of the original frustration.
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displacement
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__________ examined social learning with an emphasis on conditioning.
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Behaviorism
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of a psychotic individual?
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Compulsive and obsessive behavior
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Why is criminal history not considered a criminogenic need?
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It is a static element not amenable to change.
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What is the best predictor of adult antisocial behavior?
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Early antisocial behavior
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Individuals suffering from poor __________ development are likely to seek immediate gratification without considering the long-term consequences of their choices.
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superego
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According to John Bowlby, __________ attachment is a healthy form of attachment.
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secure
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When crime leads to stress reduction as a result of internal changes in beliefs and value systems, it is known as ________ adaptation
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autoplastic
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__________ is based on the belief that offenders need to acquire better social skills in order to become more prosocial.
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Cognitive behavioral intervention
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According to moral development theory, when are people likely to turn to crime?
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They cannot successfully transition between developmental stages of moral reasoning
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How does behavior theory differ from other psychological theories?
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The major determinants of behavior are seen as existing in the environment.
