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Reader-Response Theory

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Critical Approach in which the teacher reads poems to the class and then asks students to write their own poems in response to the author's work.

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Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DRTA)

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To help students comprehend a reading selection in a textbook, the teacher asks students to examine the titles, subheadings, and illustrations in the selection. After examining the material, the students are asked to make predictions about the content of the selection and stop to evaluate the validity of their predictions.

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Book Talk

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Includes an oral reading of a passage from the book. Is commonly used to motivate students. Includes a brief description of the characters and setting. Does not necessarily focus on the plot, action, and climax of the book.

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Metacognitive Strategy

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Refers to any deliberate process where one becomes aware of the process one uses to think. In the context of reading, the term refers to the knowledge of the approaches and patterns whereby one comes to understand and analyze a text and to hold a sense of its particular meanings, and meaningfulness, in one's mind.

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SSR Program:

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Teachers model silent reading for students. Students develop a habit of reading every day.

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Shared Inquiry

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In encouraging a group of students to engage in this approach to interpreting literary texts, an instructor does not seek primarily to convey information or to present his or her own opinions but instead guides participants in reaching their own interpretations while interacting as a group. The goal is accomplished, in part, by asking the group open-ended, thought-provoking questions and by working hard to be an active listener in one's role as the facilitator of the process.

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Language Experience Approach

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This approach is an approach to reading instruction based on activities and stories developed from personal experiences of the learner. The stories about personal experiences are written down by a teacher and read together until the learner associates the written form of the word with the spoken.

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Semantic Mapping

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A visual strategy for vocabulary expansion and extension of knowledge by displaying in categories words related to one another. It includes: the concept word, two category examples, and other examples.

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Etymology

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The study of the history of words and how their form and meaning have changed over time.

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Orthography

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This specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language. A method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols

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Morphology

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The identification, analysis and description of the structure of words

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Phonemes

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In a language or dialect, this is the smallest segmental unit of sound employed to form meaningful contrasts between utterances.

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Freewriting

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Writing quickly about the general topic; the idea is to keep writing rather than focusing on correctness or sense

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Antithesis

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A counter-proposition and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition. In setting the opposite, an individual brings out of a contrast in the meaning (e.g., the definition, interpretation, or semantics) by an obvious contrast in the expression.

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An Appositive

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This is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. It can be a short or long combination of words. (Example: The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.)

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Independent clause

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A group of words made up of a subject and a predicate. It can stand alone as a sentence.

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Direct Objects

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This will follow a transitive verb [a type of action verb]. These can be nouns, pronouns, phrases, or clauses.

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dangling participle

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Often found at the beginning of a sentence, that appears from its position to modify an element of the sentence other than the one it was intended to modify, as plunging in Plunging hundreds of feet into the gorge, we saw Yosemite Falls.

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Subject-Verb Agreement

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Refers to ensuring that singular subjects have singular verbs, and plural subjects have plural verbs. This is called agreement in number, and it refers specifically to verbs in the present tense.

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Ambiguous Pronoun Reference

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If a reader does not know which of two or three earlier nouns a pronoun stands for.

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Clustering

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A technique in which students use prewriting for collecting and organizing ideas for a written work: they brainstorm and then put their ideas into related groups.

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Identifying an audience

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This is a step in the writing process in which you choose a style of writing, level of vocabulary, and tone for a writing assignment.

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Revising

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A phase in the writing process, in which content is added, removed, or improved in semantically significant ways.

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Editing

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The process of cleaning up, or polishing, the presentation or surface features of a text, such as spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and physical layout.

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Expository Writing

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Type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform

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Persuasive Writing

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A writer takes a position FOR or AGAINST an issue and writes to convince the reader to believe or do something.

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Narrative writing

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Is writing that tells a story, whether true or fictional.

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Stream of consciousness writing

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A literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur.

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Compound sentence

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This sentance has at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), or a semicolon that functions as a conjunction. The use of a comma to separate two short independent clauses in a sentence is accepted. Example: My friend invited me to a tea party; my parents didn't let me go.

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Complex-compound sentence

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A sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (which can also be called subordinate clause or main clause). Example: The dog lived in the backyard, but the cat, who knew he was superior, lived inside the house.

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Simple sentence

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This sentence is a sentence structure that contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. Example: The runner jumped.

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Complex sentence

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This sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. This sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.. Example: The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.

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Anticipation Guides

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Sets of declaritive statements related to materials about to be read that are designed to stimulate thinking and discussion, motivate students and help them to predict what will happen in a text

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Contextual Analysis

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Trying to identify unknown words by the sense of the sentence, search for the meaning of an unknown word through an examination of its context.

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Informal Reading Inventories

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Used to determine independent reading level - miscue analysis, running records, word lists, reading passages This helps teachers assess a student's strengths and needs in these areas: word recognition, word meaning, reading strategies, comprehension.

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Metacognition

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Student's knowledge about their thinking processes & ability to control them. Ex: A student stops periodically during reading a passage to ask questions in their head and re-read sections that were unclear, in order to check their own understanding.

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Phonics

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The relationship between letters and sounds fundamental in beginning reading.

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Reading Workshops

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Is a form of individualized reading in which students choose their own books and have individual or group conferences but may meet in groups to discuss books or work on projects.

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Reciprocal Teaching

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A strategy designed to develop comprehension where students and teacehrs exchange roles in developing metacognitive strategies, means that students take turns explaining to each other and learning from each other.

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Semantic Feature Analysis

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A strategy that helps teachers focus students' attention on vocabulary and increase their sensitivity to language, technique that can help children understand the uniqueness of a word as well as its relationship to other words.

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Idioms

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Words and phrases that mean something different from the literal meanings of the words

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Participal Phrase

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Phrase that begins with a verbal ending in -ing or -ed - Serves as an adjective.

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Prepositional Phrase

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a phrase that begins with a preposition and contains a noun and its modifiers.

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Apositive Phrase

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A phrase that contains an appositive or any words that modify it, usually not central to the meaning of the sentence.

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Dependent Clause

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A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb

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Declarative Sentance

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A sentance that makes a statement and always ends with a period.

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Interrogative Sentance

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A sentance that asks a question.

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Exlamatory Sentance

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A sentence that expresses strong feelings by making an exclamation.

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Imperative Sentance

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A sentance that gives a command, tells someone to do something; ends with a period or exclamation mark

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Ambiguous Sentance

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A sentance having more than one possible meaning. Example: After the cat caught the mouse, it died.

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Etymology

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The study of the sources and development of words, a history of a word.

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Cognates

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Are words that have a common etymological origin. Words that look similar and have the same origin in two languages, simple words like musique and basket

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Affixes

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Parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words., Consists of prefixes that are added before a root word and suffixes that are added after a root word. Ex: digraph - di- is a prefix.

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Functional Shift

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One word category used in another (advance -n and advance -v)

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Morphemes

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Smallest meaningful units of speech; simple words, suffixes, prefixes; examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre-

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Spatial Sequence

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spatial, geometrical, or geographical arrangement of ideas according to their position in space (examples: left/right, top/bottom, circular, adjacent)

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Cause and Effect

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Is a text structure that writers use to explain how or why one thing leads to another. The cause is the reason that an action or reaction takes place. The effect is the result or consequence of the cause

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Problem and Solution

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informs the reader of the problem and suggests action to remedy problem (similar to a persuasive argument paper), when the problem is explained and then fixed. ex: my phone was out of batteries, so i put it on the charger...i was hungry, so i ate lunch

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Chronological Sequence

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Describing the events in the order they occur, tells what happened according to time.

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Compare and Contrast

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finding similarities and difference either in a piece of writing or between different pieces of writing

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Inverted Syntax

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A sentence constructed so that the predicate comes before the subject (ex: In the woods I am walking.)

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Onomatopoeia

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the formation of a word, as cuckoo or boom, by imitation of a sound made by or associated with its referent.

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Apostrophe

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a technique by which a writer addresses an inanimate object, an idea, or a person who is either dead or absent.

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Quatrains

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Is a stanza of four lines, usally with a AABB, ABAB, or ABCB rhyme pattern.

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Ballad Stanza

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A stanza form consisting of four lines, rhymed ABCB or sometimes ABAB with the first and third lines longer than the second and fourth. Usually written in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter.

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split infinitive

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An expression in which there is a word or phrase, usually an adverb, between "to" and its accompanying verb. (to boldly go; to really understand)

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homophones

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Words that are pronounced in the same way as one or more other words, but is different in meaning and sometimes spelling, as are "hair" and "hare".

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Clipped Forms

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Is a word that is shortened from of a longer word, such as phone for telephone, TV for television and dorm for dormitory, ad for adverstisement.

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back-formation

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a new word is formed by removing an affix from a word to form a word that never existed before i.e. beggar became beg, burglar became burgle

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blends

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compounds that are less than coumpound; created from already existing forms (smoke fog = smog)

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echoic words

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term for onomatopoeia, Imitative of natural sounds

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Gerunds

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verb forms ending in -ing and used as nouns, ie. SKIING is a wonderful sport

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Contronyms

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Are words that have opposite meanings,words that have double meanings which contradict one another. ( ex/ dust - sweep or dust-to spread over something )

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Subordinate clause

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It is a clause that depends on the rest of the sentance for it's meaning, a clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb.

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Romance languages

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Any of the languages derived from Latin including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian.

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Trickster

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A character or figure common in Native American and African literature who uses his ingenuity to defeat enemies and escape difficult situations. They are most often animals, such as the spider, hare, or coyote, although they may take the form of humans as well.

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Soliloquy

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A monologue in a drama used to give the audience information and to develop the speaker's character. It is typically a projection of the speaker's innermost thoughts. Usually delivered while the speaker is alone on stage, it is intended to present an illusion of unspoken reflection. A celebrated one is Hamlet's "To be or not to be" speech in William Shakespeare's Hamlet

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Parallelism

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A method of comparison of two ideas in which each is developed in the same grammatical structure. Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Civilization" contains this example of this: Raphael paints wisdom; Handel sings it, Phidias carves it, Shakespeare writes it, Wren builds it, Columbus sails it, Luther preaches it, Washington arms it, Watt mechanizes it.

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Paradox

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A statement that appears illogical or contradictory at first, but may actually point to an underlying truth. "Less is more" is an example and "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others" from George Orwell's Animal Farm.

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Parody

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In literary criticism, this term refers to an imitation of a serious literary work or the signature style of a particular author in a ridiculous manner.

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Figurative Language

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A technique in writing in which the author temporarily interrupts the order, construction, or meaning of the writing for a particular effect. This interruption takes the form of one or more figures of speech such as hyperbole, irony, or simile. It is the opposite of literal language, in which every word is truthful, accurate, and free of exaggeration or embellishment. Examples are tropes such as Metaphor and rhetorical figures such as apostrophe.

Praxis 2, Middle School, Language Arts (strategies & terms.) – Flashcards

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