question

Critics of the American media argue that the news media have a dual obligation to:

answer

present news that reflects a more balanced picture of the overall crime problem and reduce their presentation of sensational crimes

question

Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a (n):

answer

institution of social contract

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The term jurisdiction means:

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a politically defined geographical area

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After an arrest has been made the suspect is brought to the station to be

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Booked

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A _______ is charging a document specifying that an offense has been committed by a person or persons named or described

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Complaint

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A (n) _______ outlines the formal charge or charges, the law or laws that have been violated, and the evidence to support the charge or charges.

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Information

question

A suspect becomes a defendant after

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Charges have been filed

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In the case of a misdemeanor or an ordinance violation, a (n) __________ may be held

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Summary trial

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The purpose of the _______________ for a judge is to determine whether there is probably cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged

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Preliminary hearing

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The primary purpose of the _________ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea.

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Arraignment

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About how many percent of criminal defendants plead guilty to the charges against them, in an arrangement called plea bargaining?

answer

90 percent

question

Cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by a jury trial are decided by a judge in a

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bench trial

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Because there is a considerable conflict and confusion between different agencies of criminal justice, an accurate definition of American criminal justice may be to call it:

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A non system

question

During the middle Ages in Europe, people commonly believed that guilt of innocence could be determined through

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Trial by ordeal

question

A typical ________ definition of crime is "behavior that violates the norms of society"

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Social

question

A (n) ______ is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say or do under given circumstances

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Norm

question

A typical ______ definition of crime is "an intentional violation of the criminal law or penal code, committed without defense or excuse and penalized b the state"

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Legal

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The term ______ refers to criminal conduct - specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm

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Actus Reus

question

If a person does not want to commit a crime but is forced to do so against his or her will, he or she committed the crime:

answer

under duress

question

In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ____, and the lower limit is usually ______.

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18, 7

question

Crimes that are not officially recorded by the police are called

answer

The dark figure of crime

question

Any record of crimes - such as offenses known to the police, arrests, convictions or commitments to prison - can be considered a _______, or an estimate of crimes committed

answer

crime index

question

The practice of counting only the most serious offense in a multiple-crime event is a feature of the:

answer

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

question

A ______ is expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population or some other base

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Crime rate

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The _______ is/are a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States

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Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

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In 1996, The UCR began to include data reported on

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hate crimes

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A (n) ________ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult, such as truancy or running away from home

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Status offense

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The National Crime Victimization Survey was formerly called:

answer

The National Crime Surveys

question

For many crime victims, ____ is/are the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their victimization

answer

Fear

question

A crime, as noted, is a violation of the ______ of a political jurisdiction.

answer

Penal Code

question

What refers to the scope of criminal law?

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Specificity

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Which refers to the way in which the criminal law should be enforced

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Uniformity

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What refers to the legitimate source of criminal law?

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Politicality

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The criminal law of the U.S., for the most part, is derived from the laws of

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England

question

It was the common- plea decisions made by judges in eyre that formed the body of legal precedent that became know as the

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common law

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In case law, the decision becomes a potential basis, or _____, for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future

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Precedent

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The principle of using precedents to guide further decisions in court cases is called

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stare decisis

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Most of the procedural, or due process rights, given to criminal suspects or defendants in the U.S. are found in

answer

The Bill of Rights

question

The Supreme Court did not interpret the 14th amendment as incorporating the Bill of Rights until:

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The 1960's

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The ______ protects Americans from "unreasonable searches and seizures"

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Fourth Amendment

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The ____ guarantees a right to a speedy and public trial

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Sixth Amendment

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This amendment states the excessive bail shall not be required

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Eight

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A _____ is written order from a court directing law enforcement officers to conduct a search or to arrest a person

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warrant

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In 1969, The Supreme Court in this case limited the scope of searches incidednt to an arrest

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Chimel v California

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This is more than a gut feeling because it includes the ability to articulate reasons for the suspicion

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Reasonable Suspicion

question

This is evidence that outweighs the opposing evidence, or sufficient evidence to overcome doubt or speculation

answer

Preponderance of evidence.

question

In jury trials, when does jeopardy attach?

answer

When the entire jury has been selected and sworn in

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The right to counsel may be waived, but only if waiver is made

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knowingly and intelligently

question

In Weems v United States ( 1910), the Court stated three general findings regarding cruel and unusual punishment. To which amendments do these findings apply?

answer

Eighth

question

Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as

answer

neoclassical theory

question

Which theory is base on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from non criminals

answer

Biological positivism

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The basis of society, as well as the origin of punishments, and the right to punish is

answer

the social contract

question

Low levels of the brain neurotransmitter ______ have been found in impulsive murders and arsonists.

answer

Serotonin

question

The research of the Chicago School was based on a model taken from

answer

Ecology

question

According to Merton, ____ pursue the cultural goal of wealth only through legitimate institutional means

answer

Conformers

question

According to Merton, ____ do not actively pursuer the culutural goal of wealth (they are willing to settle of less) but follow the legitimate institutional means anyway.

answer

Ritualists

question

According to Merton, _____ pursue the cultural goal of wealth through illegitimate means

answer

Innovators

question

Sutherlands ______ stated that person who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and isolation from non-criminal patterns

answer

Differential association theory

question

From the perspective of _____, people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so

answer

social control theory

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What is the commission of crime subsequent to the first criminal act and the acceptance of a criminal label?

answer

Secondary defiance

question

A problem with labeling theory is that it tends to ______ the importance of the official labeling process

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Overemphasize

question

What assumes that society is based primarily on disagreements between competeing interest groups- for instance, the righ against the poor, management against labor, whites against minorities

answer

conflict theory

question

Radical theories of crime causation are generally based on the ideas of

answer

Karl Marx

question

What suggests that the solution to all social problems, including crime , is the transformation of human beings, mutual dependence, reduction of class structures, the creation of communities of caring people, and universal social justices?

answer

Peacemaking Criminology

question

What focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because, in the past, men's experiences have been taken as the norm and generalized to the population?

answer

Feminist theory

question

The vast majority of local American law enforcement agencies are

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Local

question

The basic concepts of American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in

answer

England

question

The Statute of Winchester formalized the ______ system if protecting.

answer

constable watch

question

According to Peel, the main function of the police was to prevent crime by ____ of the community

answer

Preventative patrol

question

Earlier in American history, two forms of police protection began to evolve - the constable - watch system in the villages, towns and cities, and the _____ in rural areas

answer

Sheriff

question

Early American citizens ______ the formation of the first police departments

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Resisted

question

Which was the first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force?

answer

New York

question

In the south, the earliest form of policing was

answer

slave patrols

question

One similarity between the slave patrols and constable watch systems was that

answer

people could hire others to perform their duties for them

question

The idea of ______ remains very popular in the south and the west

answer

self protection

question

in 1997, _____ of American local police departments required a high school diploma or higher educational achievement.

answer

86 percent

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