FSHN 120 Exam 4 – Flashcards
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The most common sites of fracture in an individual suffering from osteoporosis are the a. clavicle and scapula. b. hip and spine. c. sternum and ribs. d. femur and tibia.
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b. hip and spine
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Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis? a. Family history b. Fractures as an adult c. Body weight d. Age
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c. Body weight
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In the body, vitamin D is essential for a. blood clotting. b. calcification of bone. c. stimulation of nerve impulses. d. muscle contraction.
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b. calcification of bone.
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The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high is a. estrogen. b. calcitonin. c. parathyroid. d. serotonin.
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b. calcitonin
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When dietary intake of calcium is low, the body takes calcium from bone. True False
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True
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Which process determines the shape of bones? a. bone growth b. bone remodeling c. bone turnover d. bone modeling
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d. bone modeling
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In addition to being a nutrient, vitamin D acts as a hormone. True False
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True
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The body's inability to regulate blood calcium can result in _______. a. diabetes b. rickets c. hypercalcemia d. osteomalacia
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c. hypercalcemia
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Which patient is likely at greatest risk for osteoporosis? a. Female of Middle Eastern descent who is normal weight but has a grandmother with osteoporosis b. Caucasian male who is overweight with an immediate relative with osteoporosis c. Caucasian female who is overweight with an immediate relative with osteoporosis d. Caucasian female who is underweight with an immediate relative with osteoporosis
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d. Caucasian female who is underweight with an immediate relative with osteoporosis
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Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by _____. a. excessive fat accumulation b. low bone mass c. poor muscle mass d. respiratory problems
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b. low bone mass
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What type of calcium supplement contains the highest amount of calcium per dose? a. calcium citrate b. calcium lactate c. calcium phosphate d. calcium carbonate
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d. calcium carbonate
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DXA is used to evaluate bone density in women only. True False
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False
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Geographical location affects one's ability to synthesize vitamin D. True False
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True
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At the present time there is no Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) established for calcium. True False
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False
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Trabecular bone has a faster turnover rate than cortical bone. True False
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True
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Muscle spasms and convulsions can be caused by ______. a. high blood phosphorus levels b. vitamin D deficiency c. low blood sugar d. excessive fluoride consumption
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c. high blood phosphorus levels
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The hormone that assists in maintaining blood calcium levels by stimulating the activation of vitamin D is a. cortisol. b. insulin. c. calcitonin. d. parathyroid hormone (PTH).
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d. parathyroid hormone (PTH).
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Which of the following organs is NOT involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? a. heart b. kidneys c. skin d. liver
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a. heart
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Bone modeling is the two-step process by which bone tissue is recycled. True False
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False
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Which of the following is FALSE about trabecular bone? a. very rapid turnover b. comprises approximately 80% of the skeleton c. porous and spongy in composition d. very sensitive to changes in hormones and nutritional deficiencies
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b. comprises approximately 80% of the skeleton
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At what stage in the development of cancer do the cancerous cells grow out of control and invade surrounding tissues? a. initiation b. termination c. promotion d. progression
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d. progression
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A free radical is highly unstable because it has unpaired electrons in its outermost shell. True False
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True
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The light-sensitive pigment found in rod cells and formed by retinal and opsin is a. tocotrienal. b. lutein. c. rhodopsin. d. chlorophyll.
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c. rhodopsin
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Carrots, spinach, and sweet potatoes contain a large amount of preformed vitamin A. True False
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False
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Which research study demonstrated a link between vitamin E consumption and a decreased mortality from heart disease in smokers? a. NIH Study b. HOPE Study c. ADA Study d. ATBC Study
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d. ATBC Study
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Which if the following is NOT a proposed mechanism by which antioxidants help prevent cancer? a. serving as prooxidants against cancer cells b. enhancing the immune system c. allowing aging and apoptosis of cancer cells d. preventing damage to DNA through oxidation
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a. serving as prooxidants against cancer cells
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Which nutrient is a cofactor in antioxidant enzyme systems? a. Superoxide dismutase b. Selenium c. Calcium d. Vitamin E
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b. Selenium
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Which of the following converts oxidized vitamin E into its active form? a. vitamin D b. iron c. vitamin C d. selenium
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c. vitamin C
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Which of the following is NOT a significant risk factor for skin cancer? a. HPV exposure b. exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays c. exposure to tanning beds before age 35 d. having had five or more sunburns
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a. HPV exposure
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Which of these foods is the best source of vitamin E? a. Greek yogurt b. Salmon c. Grilled chicken d. Canola oil
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d. Canola oil
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Vitamin A deficiency is a severe public health concern in developing nations, often resulting in blindness and death due to infection. True False
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True
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Which of the following would NOT be a good strategy for increasing vitamin E in the diet? a. snacking on vegetables throughout the day b. deep-frying foods in corn or safflower oils c. eating a peanut butter sandwich d. adding sunflower seeds to salads
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b. deep-frying foods in corn or safflower oils
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Most forms of cancer result in the formation of _________. a. soft fingernails and toenails b. tumors c. delusions d. blurry spots in front of the eyes
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b. tumors
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Which of the following diseases has NOT been linked to free radical damage? a. type 1 diabetes b. arthritis c. cancer d. heart disease
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a. type 1 diabetes
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Which of the following would NOT help reduce the risk for developing cancer? a. consuming foods containing phytoestrogens b. eating a diet low in saturated fat c. consuming intensely colored fruits and vegetables d. consuming nitrites and nitrates
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d. consuming nitrites and nitrates
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Oxidation is a chemical reaction that results in _____. a. synthesis of electrons b. loss of electrons c. stabilization of electron pairs d. gain of electrons
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b. loss of electrons
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Infectious agents account for _____ of cancers worldwide. a. 18 percent b. 33 percent c. 70 percent d. 10 percent
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a. 18 percent
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Symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency include a. bleeding gums and loose teeth. b. night blindness. c. dementia and dermatitis. d. nosebleeds.
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a. bleeding gums and loose teeth
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Which of the following is a compound that is needed to activate an enzyme? a. a cofactor b. a free radical c. an electrolyte d. an antioxidant
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a. a cofactor
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Once the DNA of the cell is mutated and the altered cells begin to grow, the development of cancer is inevitable. True False
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False
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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which of the following health habits does NOT promote increased longevity? a. engaging in at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity daily b. maintaining a healthy weight and body composition c. tobacco use d. following a diet based on the USDA's food guidelines
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c. tobacco use
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The RDA for carbohydrate for toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, teens, and adults is how many grams per day? a. 130 b. 250 c. 10 d. 95
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a. 130
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The cartilage that is located at the end of long bones that closes when growth ceases is called the a. cortical plate. b. epiphyseal plate c. trabecular plate. d. osteoid plate.
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b. epiphyseal plate
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What is the maximum percentage of total Calories from fat recommended for a preschooler? a. 10% of total energy b. 15% of total energy c. 35% of total energy d. 50% of total energy
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c. 35% of total energy
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Approximately how long would a person's life be prolonged if he or she did not start consuming a Calorie-restricted diet until the age of 55 years? a. 1 year b. 5 years c. 10 years d. 4 months
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d. 4 months
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The Institute of Medicine recommends that children be very active for at LEAST a. 2 hours a day. b. 1 hour a day. c. 30 minutes a day. d. 15 minutes a day.
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b. 1 hour a day
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The carbohydrate intake for toddlers should be about ______ of total energy intake. a. 15 to 30 percent b. 30 to 45 percent c. 45 to 65 percent d. 50 to 70 percent
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c. 45 to 65 percent
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Janie is four years old. What serving size of green beans would you recommend for her? a. 4 tablespoons b. 2 tablespoons c. 3 tablespoons d. 6 tablespoons
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a. 4 tablespoons
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Which food is a good source of protein an encouraged for toddlers on a vegan diet? a. Legumes b. Tofu c. Fish d. Whole grains
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b. Tofu
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What is a good way to help toddlers meet their nutrition needs? a. Increase variety and do not allow kids to eat only their select favorite foods. b. Provide juice as an easy-to-consume, nutritious option c. Provide small, frequent meals and snacks d. Force kids to eat the food provided at meals.
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c. Provide small, frequent meals and snacks
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Who may benefit from supplement use? a. Someone trying to increase muscle mass b. Someone trying to reduce chronic disease risk c. Someone on a vegan diet d. Someone trying to increase energy
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c. Someone on a vegan diet
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The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act does NOT require that school lunch programs a. offer daily fruits and vegetables. b. reduce sodium and saturated and trans fats. c. serve whole milk to all students. d. increase offerings of whole-grain foods.
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c. serve whole milk to all students.
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Toddlers should be monitored for _____ as new foods are introduced. a. allergic reactions b. ease of digestion c. new food dislikes d. alertness and sleepiness
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a. allergic reactions
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Parents should force their children to eat healthy foods to avoid obesity. True False
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False
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Obesity in children is defined as having a BMI at or above what percentile? a. 75th b. 85th c. 95th d. 100th
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c. 95th
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In older adults, which of the following is a mineral important to a healthy immune system and wound healing? a. vitamin C b. zinc c. vitamin A d. calcium
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b. zinc
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Which of the following is NOT necessary to supplement a toddler's vegan diet? a. iron b. fiber c. vitamin B12 d. zinc
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b. fiber
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The leading cause of death among adolescents is a. automobile accidents. b. eating disorders. c. alcohol intoxication occurrences. d. drug overdoses.
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a. automobile accidents
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Which of the following is associated with the premature closure of the epiphyseal plate? a. reduced activity level b. obesity c. malnutrition d. excessive calcium intake
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c. malnutrition
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Adolescent acne is caused by a. lack of adequate fluid intake. b. consumption of chocolate. c. hormonal changes. d. eating fatty foods.
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c. hormonal changes
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Which of the following is NOT required by USDA-certified organic farms? a. complete avoidance of all pesticides b. farming practices that conserve soil and water c. inspection by a government-approved certifier d. use of natural alternatives to deal with weeds and insects
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a. complete avoidance of all pesticides
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The antibiotic-resistant bacteria that is thought to result from the use of antibiotics in animals is known as a. E. coli. b. Salmonella. c. botulism. d. MRSA.
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d. MRSA
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Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the proper refrigeration and freezing of food? a. Keep the refrigerator temperature at or below 40°F. b. Thaw frozen meat and poultry on the kitchen counter. c. Unless used within 48 hours of purchase, meat and poultry should be stored frozen. d. Store meat and poultry in the back of the refrigerator on the lowest shelf.
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b. Thaw frozen meat and poultry on the kitchen counter
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Which of the following is FALSE about bisphenol A (BPA)? a. BPA was banned by the FDA in 2009 due to safety concerns. b. BPA is a synthetic hormone. c. BPA has been linked to breast cancer and prostate cancer. d. BPA is found in canned food and plastic products.
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a. BPA was banned by the FDA in 2009 due to safety
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The USDA organic seal on a product indicates that the food contains at least 95% organic ingredients. True False
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True
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What is the purpose of the GRAS list? a. To identify environmentally friendly practices for preserving biodiversity. b. To identify microorganisms most likely to cause foodborne illness. c. To identify substances that are deemed safe based on a history of long-term use or expert consensus. d. To alert consumers which organic foods to prioritize.
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c. To identify substances that are deemed safe based on a history of long-term use or expert consensus.
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Which of the following falls within the "danger zone" of foodborne illnesses? a. soup simmering in a slow cooker set at low (200°F) b. chicken thawing inside a properly functioning refrigerator c. a frozen turkey thawing at room temperature d. meat cooking on a hot outdoor grill
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c. a frozen turkey thawing at room temperature
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Consuming foods contaminated with mycotoxins over an extended period can cause a. variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (vCJD). b. organ damage or cancer. c. heart disease or strokes. d. gastrointestinal distress.
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b. organ damage or cancer
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Sulfites have been banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are no longer found in the U.S. food supply. True False
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False
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Microorganisms that lack a true nucleus and have a chemical called peptidoglycan in their cell walls are called a. helminths. b. bacteria. c. prions. d. protozoa.
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b. bacteria
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The United States, Canada, and the European Union allow the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) only for dairy cows. True False
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False
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Which of the following is NOT one of the body's protective responses after encountering foodborne microbes? a. fever b. vomiting and diarrhea c. increased production of white blood cells d. decreased metabolic rate
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d. decreased metabolic rate
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Refrigerating or freezing foods will kill any bacteria present in the food. True False
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False
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Which of the following statements is FALSE about the role of fungi in causing adverse food reactions? a. Many species of fungi can cause serious illness in otherwise healthy people. b. Fungal growth makes food taste unappealing. c. Most fungi that cause disease in humans are not foodborne. d. Fungal growth makes food look unappealing.
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a. Many species of fungi can cause serious illness in otherwise healthy people.
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Which of the following statements about organic foods is not supported by recent research? a. Organic foods tend to cost more than conventionally grown foods. b. Organic food contains less antibiotic-resistant bacteria. c. Organic food is more nutritious than conventionally grown food. d. Organic food has fewer pesticides.
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c. Organic food is more nutritious than conventionally grown food.
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Which of the following is used as an antioxidant in many foods? a. cornstarch b. vitamin C c. ginkgo d. nitrate
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b. vitamin C
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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the sale, distribution, and disposal of pesticides in the United States. True False
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True
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Which of the following produces a neurotoxin? a. Clostridium botulinum b. Salmonella c. hepatitis A d. Norwalk virus
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a. Clostridium botulinum
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Four factors affecting survival and reproduction of food microorganisms include temperature, humidity, acidity, and _________. a. nutrient content b. oxygen content c. hydrogen content d. water content
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b. oxygen content
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When preparing foods at home, you should always try to do the following: wash your hands and kitchen surfaces often, chill or freeze foods in storage, and ______. a. soak foods in warm water b. separate foods c. combine foods d. never eat anything more than 1-day old
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b. separate foods
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Which of the following anti-aging supplements is associated with increased risk of death at high doses?
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Vitamin A & E
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Micronutrient needs ______ as children get older.
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increase
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Although promising, research that could precisely study and measure the benefits of a Calorie-restricted diet in humans may never be conducted because of logistical and ethical concerns.
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true
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Reduced-fat milk should not be given to children until the age of 2.
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true
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Although considered an epidemic among U.S. adults, obesity rates in school-aged children have remained constant since the 1970s.
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false
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A child with a body mass index (BMI) ____ is considered obese.
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at or higher than the 95th percentile for age and gender
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A nutritionally productive potential alternative to caloric restriction (CR) appears to be ______.
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intermittent fasting
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Growth acceleration in adolescence is primarily driven by
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hormonal
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Which of the following has been linked to the hormone-based supplement dehydroepiandroesterone (DHEA)?
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lower levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
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The key to a successful Calorie-restricted diet is to
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consume a low-Calorie, high nutrient-dense diet.
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Our current assessment of whether caloric restriction (CR) increases life span is ______.
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there has not been enough research to support firm conclusions for humans and long-term affects are unknown
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Lifestyle and behavior can influence longevity. Which of the following is not one of the four major factors on risk for chronic disease and decreased longevity?
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supplement use
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Which of the following habits would LEAST likely promote longevity?
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limiting physical activity to less than 20 minutes a day
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Which nutrient deficiency in older adults can lead to a decreased sense of taste and smell?
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zinc
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Which of the following is NOT a risk associated with vitamin A toxicity in older adults?
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heart disease
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Physiological and anatomical changes associated with aging that can have a negative impact on nutritional status of older adults include ________.
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odor, taste, and tactile and visual perception decline
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The anti-aging market generates about __________ billion in sales annually.
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$100
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Which of the following statements regarding a toddler's mealtime environment is correct?
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new foods should be introduced slowly
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Which of the following foods would be a choking hazard for a toddler?
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raisins
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Which of the following is NOT a physiological change that occurs with aging?
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decrease in fat mass
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A child following a vegan diet is at risk for being deficient in which of the following nutrients?
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Vitamin B12, calcium, and zinc
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Which of the following statements in respect to children skipping breakfast is FALSE?
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They're less likely to get enough calories in the day
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The benefits of calorie restriction (CR) are correlated with __________.
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the age the person begins the restriction
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Which of the following meals would be appropriate for a toddler?
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Whole milk, cooked carrot coins, and crackers
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An overweight child is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of __________.
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85th to 95th percentile
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Adolescents often do not consume adequate amounts of __________.
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Vitamin A and D
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for decreased energy needs in older adults?
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decrease in bone mass
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To promote longevity people should do at least __________ minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week.
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30
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Whole cow's milk can be introduced to a child at what age?
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1 year
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The definition of a calorie restriction (CR) eating plan for humans would be to restrict their caloric intake by at least __________% for 40 years or more.
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20
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Which of the following statements is true regarding eating disorders and youth?
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Regular trips to the bathroom after every meal can be a sign of an eating disorder.
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In which of the following circumstances should a supplement be considered for a toddler?
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toddlers who are picky eaters
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All of the following nutrients have a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for children and adolescents EXCEPT __________.
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fat
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Chronic disease is responsible for __________ out of every ten US deaths.
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seven
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Which of the following is one common complaint by those on a calorie restriction (CR) program?
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feeling cold
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Which of the following fiber recommendations applies to most individuals regardless of age?
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14 grams/1,000 kcals
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Most of the members of the Caloric Restriction with Optimal Nutrition group are __________.
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men
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It is estimated that about __________ of youth age 6 to 19 are obese.
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18%
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The metabolic effects of caloric restriction include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
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increased insulin levels
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Beta-carotene is a ________.
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carentoid
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Which of the following is NOT an example of an effective screening examination for detecting precancerous tissues?
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x-ray
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About 90 percent of vitamin E is stored in
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adipose tissue
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Which of the following cancer treatments is a drug therapy?
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chemotherapy
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Up to what proportion of cancer deaths do researchers estimate to be related to overweight/obesity, poor nutrition, and inadequate physical activity?
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1/3
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Vitamin A plays an essential role in the human body in
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maintaining healthy vision
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Consumption of excessive vitamin A during pregnancy can result in _____.
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birth defects
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Vitamin C enhances _____ absorption.
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iron
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Research studies have consistently demonstrated an association between a reduced risk of cancer and
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increased consumption of fruits and vegetables
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A chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons is
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oxidation
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Which is the best food source of beta-carotene?
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pumpkin pie
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To increase their absorption of iron, a person with low iron stores may benefit from consuming iron sources along with foods rich in vitamin __________.
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vitamin C
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Which of the following cooking methods is most likely to decrease the vitamin C content of vitamin C-rich foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables?
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boiling
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Carotenosis is a condition causing yellow or orange pigments in the skin. It is caused by consuming too much of which types of food?
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Deep green and dark yellow fruits and vegetables
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What percentage of all cancer deaths could be prevented if everyone followed the American Cancer Society's recommendation to quit smoking?
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33%
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All of the following act as cofactors EXCEPT:
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calcium
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Which of the following plays the primary role in the body's physiological functions?
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retinol
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Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of a possible cancer?
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unexplained weight gain
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What disease is associated with a deficiency of vitamin C?
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scurvy
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Which of the following is a major symptom of vitamin C deficiency?
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tissue hemmorhage
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Which of the following foods would be considered a poor source of vitamin E?
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milk
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One serious consequence of a vitamin A deficiency is:
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xerophthalmia.
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The heart disorder caused by a selenium deficiency is __________.
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Keshan disease
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Which of the following nutrients does not have a Recommended Daily Allowance?
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Beta-carotene
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Which of the following foods contains the highest amount of selenium?
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halibut
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What type of cancer has the highest mortality rate?
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Lung cancer
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Which of the following is NOT a key function of vitamin A?
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enhanced absorption of iron
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To reduce the risk of skin cancer, one should limit sunlight exposure to no more than __________ minutes between 10 AM and 4 PM.
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20
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The female athlete triad is a disorder characterized by coexistence of the following three conditions: osteoporosis, low energy availability, and _______.
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menstrual cycle disruption
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How can we increase our absorption of dietary magnesium?
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eat a high-protein diet
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Research shows that vitamin D supplementation has been shown to _____.
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reduce the risk of fractures in older adults
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The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high is
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calcitonin
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In the United States, women comprise about ______ of osteoporosis sufferers.
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80%
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Healthy adults absorb only about _____ of the calcium from most foods.
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30%
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Cigarette smoking ______ bone density.
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decrease
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A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may result in which disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the skeleton?
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rickets
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_______ is a good source of vitamin D.
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salmon
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How many milligrams of calcium can the body absorb at one time?
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500 mg
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This food is a good dietary source of calcium:
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collard greens
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Vitamin D is important in __________.
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signaling the kidney to excrete more or less calcium in the urine
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Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential to preventing osteoporosis?
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Vitamin D
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By what age do most boys reach their adult height?
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21
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This substance reduces calcium absorption:
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oxalates
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Which of the following is a good source of vitamin K?
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brocolli
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Which of the following exercises is LEAST protective against bone loss and osteoporosis?
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swimming
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The majority of our body's phosphorus is stored in our:
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bones
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Which of the following is NOT considered part of the female athlete triad?
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BMI greater than 25
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What type of cells erode the surface of bones by secreting enzymes and acids that dig grooves into the bone matrix?
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Osteoclasts
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three processes through which bones develop?
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Bone compaction (bone growth, modeling, and remodeling)
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Which additive is most commonly used to preserve processed meats?
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nitrites
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Which of the following is added to fat-based products to keep them from going rancid?
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Vitamin E
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Which of the following additives can cause asthmatic reactions in sensitive people?
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Sulfites
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Which of the following additives is most commonly used as a preservative in breads, rolls, etc.?
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Calcium proprionate
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What is the purpose of adding a humectant to foods?
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To keep the foods at the correct moisture level
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What is the standard rule for refrigerating leftovers in a hot climate (ambient temperature above 90°F) such as at a picnic?
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within 1 hour of serving
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What is the term used to indicate the situation in which a household is uncertain of having, or is unable to acquire, enough food to meet the needs of all of its members?
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food insecurity
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An agricultural practice used to prevent nutrient depletion and soil erosion is __________.
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crop rotation
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Because nitrosamines have been found to be carcinogenic in animals, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that all foods with nitrites must also contain __________.
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antioxidants
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Which of the following is the toxin found in green potatoes?
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solanine
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According to the World Hunger Education Service, approximately how many people worldwide are chronically undernourished?
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one in seven
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Which of the following additives is used as a preservative in the widest variety of foods, including beverages, canned shellfish, processed fruits and vegetables, margarine, etc.?
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EDTA
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"Juice boxes" would be an example of the preservation technique of __________.
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aseptic packaging
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The environmental problems associated with the "green revolution" include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
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food deserts
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All of the following are correct about pasteurization EXCEPT __________.
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that it is a technique that heats foods for one hour. (true: it is important in the dairy/juice industry, it doesn't alter taste or quality of the food)
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An organization committed to fighting food insecurity in the United States is __________.
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National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness
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Hepatitis A is a foodborne virus that can result in damage to
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the liver
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Which of the following is NOT a type of fungi but instead an infectious protein?
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prions
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Mad cow disease is a fatal brain disorder in cattle caused by a(n)
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prion
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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), what percentage of Americans experience foodborne illness annually?
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17%
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The main symptom associated with Clostridium botulinum intoxication is
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paralysis
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A trend in food processing over the last few decades has been ________.
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decreased federal oversight
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The accumulation of high levels of mercury in large predatory fish is a result of
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biomagnification
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A process that uses gamma rays to eliminate harmful bacteria in meat and poultry is called
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irridiation
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Which of the following preservatives are associated with negative health effects?
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sulfites and nitrites
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The addition of iodine to table salt has decreased the incidence of
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goiter
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Which of the following environmental conditions would NOT increase the survival and reproduction of food microorganisms?
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a low amount of humidity
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Which of the following is a key provision of the 2011 Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)?
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FDA authorized to recall contaminated foods
