Psychology MidTerm Review: Development – Flashcards

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings develop over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan.

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development.

an unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than eight weeks after conception.

an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo.

a congenital syndrome caused by excessive consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy, characterized by retardation of mental development and of physical growth, particularly of the skull and face of the infant.

Habituation is a psychological learning process wherein there is a decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it. This concept states that an animal or a human may learn to ignore a stimulus because of repeated exposure to it.

Maturation is the process of learning to cope and react in an emotionally appropriate way. It does not necessarily happen along with aging or physical growth, but is a part of growth and development. A situation a person must deal with at a young age prepares them for the next and so on into adulthood. Maturation does not stop when physical growth ends - it continues through adulthood. An adult who loses a parent, for instance, learns to cope with a new emotional situation that will affect the way he or she deals with situations that follow.

the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

In psychology and cognitive science, a schema (plural schemata or schemas) describes an organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.

Assimilation is a cognitive process that manages how we take in new information and incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge. This concept was developed by Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist who is best known for his theory of cognitive development in children.

Accommodation is a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Rather than make the new information fit into an existing schema, you change the schema in order to accommodate the new information.

The Sensorimotor Stage is the first stage Piaget uses to define cognitive development. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment. Researchers have discovered that infants have relatively well developed sensory abilities.

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed (seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way).

Piaget's second stage, the pre-operational stage, starts when the child begins to learn to speak at age two and lasts up until the age of seven. During the Pre-operational Stage of cognitive development, Piaget noted that children do not yet understand concrete logic and cannot mentally manipulate information.

Conservation refers to a logical thinking ability which, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget, is not present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 2-7, but develops in the concrete operational stage at ages 7-11.

Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between self and other.

Theory of mind (often abbreviated ToM) is the ability to attribute mental states — beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc. — to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.

As the name implies, the concrete operational stage of development can be defined as the stage of cognitive development in which a child is capable of performing a variety of mental operations and thoughts using concrete concepts.

At this point, the person is capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Piaget stated that "hypothetico-deductive reasoning" becomes important during the formal operational stage.

Stranger anxiety is a form of distress that children experience when exposed to people unfamiliar to them. Symptoms may include: getting quiet and staring at the stranger, verbally protesting by cries or other vocalizations, and hiding behind a parent.

Attachment theory is a psychological model that attempts to describe the dynamics of long-term and short-term interpersonal relationships between humans. However, "attachment theory is not formulated as a general theory of relationships.

a period during someone's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.

Image result for define imprinting in psychology In psychology and ethology, imprinting is any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior.

In psychology, temperament refers to those aspects of an individual's personality, such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as innate rather than learned.

In psychology, trust is believing that the person who is trusted will do what is expected. It starts at the family and grows to others. According to the psychoanalyst Erik Erikson development of basic trust is the first state psychosocial development occurring, or failing, during the first two years of life.

an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others.

the state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones).

hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another; readiness to attack or confront.

Do you believe that you are supposed to act certain ways and do certain things because you are a man or a woman? Gender role is a set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender. For example, my wife once told me that I should cut the lawn because that is "the man's job." Although she was kidding (I think) this is an example of an expectation held because of gender. Remember, these are dependent on the culture/society and can change over time.

It is mostly defined as an expected behavior in a given individual social status and social position. A set of expectations govern the behavior of persons holding a particular role in society; a set of norms that defines how persons in a particular position should behave.

Gender identity is defined as a personal conception of oneself as male or female (or rarely, both or neither). This concept is intimately related to the concept of gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of personality that reflect the gender identity.

Social learning theory is the view that people learn by observing others. Associated with Albert Bandura's work in the 1960s, social learning theory explains how people learn new behaviors, values, and attitudes. For example, a teenager might learn slang by observing peers.

Gender typing is the process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own.

denoting or relating to a person whose self-identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender.

Adolescence (from Latin adolescere, meaning "to grow up") is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood (age of majority).

the fact of being who or what a person or thing is.

Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership(s). Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. social class, family, football team etc.) which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem.

close familiarity or friendship; closeness.

Emerging adulthood is a phase of the life span between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood which encompasses late adolescence and early adulthood, proposed by Jeffrey Arnett in a 2000 article in the American Psychologist.

the first occurrence of menstruation.

In medical research and social science, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transversal study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.

A longitudinal study is an observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. Longitudinal research projects can extend over years or even decades. In a longitudinal cohort study, the same individuals are observed over the study period.

The concept of the social clock describes societal expectations for the time at which people are expected to marry, have children, and accomplish other life tasks.

Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky was a Soviet psychologist, the founder of a theory of human cultural and bio-social development commonly referred to as cultural-historical psychology, and leader of the Vygotsky Circle.

Konrad Zacharias Lorenz was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch.

Harry Harlow (1905 - 1981) is known for his experiments on maternal separation and social isolation of rhesus monkeys. His work emphasized the importance of care-giving and companionship as vital to normal social and cognitive development. In his surrogate mother experiment, Harlow demonstrated the importance of contact comfort. Baby rhesus monkeys were separated from their mothers and given two surrogate mothers - one made out of wire, and another made of terry cloth. He found that the baby monkeys preferred to cling to the terry cloth surrogate even when food was provided by the wire surrogate. In his social isolation experiments, he again separated baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers and subjected them to partial or total isolation of varying duration. He found that those who experienced partial isolation exhibited abnormal behaviors such as blank staring, going in circles, and self mutilation. Those who experienced total isolation exhibited severe psychological disturbance, and experienced emotional shock upon being released from isolation. He also found that subsequent attempts to socialize monkeys who were isolated were only partially successful. Harlow's work revealed the importance of contact comfort and social interaction to healthy development, and influenced child-rearing practices, particularly in orphanages and other institutions that provided care to children.

Harry Harlow (1905 - 1981) is known for his experiments on maternal separation and social isolation of rhesus monkeys. His work emphasized the importance of care-giving and companionship as vital to normal social and cognitive development. In his surrogate mother experiment, Harlow demonstrated the importance of contact comfort. Baby rhesus monkeys were separated from their mothers and given two surrogate mothers - one made out of wire, and another made of terry cloth. He found that the baby monkeys preferred to cling to the terry cloth surrogate even when food was provided by the wire surrogate. In his social isolation experiments, he again separated baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers and subjected them to partial or total isolation of varying duration. He found that those who experienced partial isolation exhibited abnormal behaviors such as blank staring, going in circles, and self mutilation. Those who experienced total isolation exhibited severe psychological disturbance, and experienced emotional shock upon being released from isolation. He also found that subsequent attempts to socialize monkeys who were isolated were only partially successful. Harlow's work revealed the importance of contact comfort and social interaction to healthy development, and influenced child-rearing practices, particularly in orphanages and other institutions that provided care to children.

Mary Dinsmore Salter Ainsworth was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in early emotional attachment with the Strange Situation design, as well as her work in the development of attachment theory.

Diana Blumberg Baumrind is a clinical and developmental psychologist known for her research on parenting styles and for her critique of the use of deception in psychological research.

Developmental psychologist that challenged the universality of Kohlberg's moral developmental theory.

expert in learning and personality. Created the Social learning theory (Modeling), Receiprocal Determinism (triadic reciprocality), and Self-efficacy

Created the stage theory of moral development (preconvential, convential, and postconventional)

Developmental Psychologist, made the psychosocial stage theory of development (eight stages). He was a Neo-Freudian

Created the Psychosexual stage theory of personality (oral,anal,phallic, and adult genital). Stressed the importance of unconscious and sexual drive. Started Psychoanalytic theory and theory of dreaming