Psych Exam 3 sample questions – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
1. According to operant conditioning principles, which action would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? A. When the girl cooperates by getting into the car in the morning, her parents should reward her. B. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. C. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl. D. If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs.
answer
C
question
2. Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. his research methods were flawed. B. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. C. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity. D. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations.
answer
C
question
3. In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response is called a(n): A. conditioned response (CR). B. unconditioned response (UR). C. unconditioned stimulus (US). D. conditioned stimulus (CS).
answer
C
question
4. At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates: A. spontaneous recovery. B. respondent behavior. C. latent learning. D. operant conditioning.
answer
D
question
5. Which factor would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning? A. models perceived as somehow different from the observer B. models who are not respected by the observer C. models who commit violent acts but go unpunished D. the socioeconomic status of the observer
answer
C
question
6. The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings? A. They do not apply to elementary school-aged children. B. Girls were not included in these studies. C. Correlation does not prove causation. D. The studies do not take operant conditioning into account.
answer
C
question
7. Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. fixed-ratio D. variable-ratio
answer
A
question
8. Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: A. something observed and its consequences. B. a neutral stimulus and a reward. C. two stimuli. D. a response and its consequences.
answer
C
question
9. Correlational evidence suggests that there is a link between viewing television violence and exhibiting violent behavior. However, it is possible that the television viewing is not causing the violence. Which alternative hypothesis might explain the correlations? A. To learn to be more aggressive with their peers, passive children often would rather watch violent shows than nonviolent shows. B. Neglectful parenting could be the cause of increased aggression and increased television watching. C. Society has become more passive as television programs have become more aggressive. D. There is no way to measure the effect of television violence on aggression.
answer
B
question
10. An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This BEST illustrates the functioning of: A. cognitive maps. B. spontaneous recovery. C. mirror neurons. D. the law of effect.
answer
C
question
11. Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the MOST likely to produce this response? A. repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug B. repeated pairing of minor electric shock followed by immune enhancing drug C. repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a tone D. repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a puff of air into the eye
answer
A
question
12. The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is MOST likely to be highlighted by a _____ perspective. A. Pavlovian B. behaviorist C. cognitive D. neuroscientific
answer
C
question
13. Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). B. organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations. C. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. D. rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste.
answer
C
question
14. Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): A. unconditioned response (UR). B. unconditioned stimulus (US). C. conditioned response (CR). D. conditioned stimulus (CS).
answer
C
question
15. _____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. A. Neutral reinforcement B. Moderate reinforcement C. Negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement
answer
D
question
16. Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher BEST known for studying this type of learning is _____. A. secondary; B. F. Skinner B. observational; Albert Bandura C. secondary; Ivan Pavlov D. observational; Rosalie Rayner
answer
B
question
17. _____ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. A. Neutral reinforcement B. Moderate reinforcement C. Negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement
answer
C
question
18. Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates: A. discrimination. B. generalization. C. operant conditioning. D. an unconditioned response (UR).
answer
A
question
19. Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness BEST illustrates: A. latent learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. delayed reinforcement. D. shaping.
answer
B
question
20. Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. Which statement does NOT explain this? A. The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea. B. The nausea became associated with the restaurant. C. The restaurant became a conditioned stimulus (CS) for nausea. D. Humans are biologically prepared to learn which foods make them sick.
answer
A
question
21. Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _____ viewers when later viewing other violent acts on television. A. sensitizes B. desensitizes C. confuses D. saddens
answer
B
question
22. Although B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning? A. Rats do NOT seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. B. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. C. Children learn from observing their parents and exhibit the learning immediately. D. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence.
answer
B
question
23. Hamika had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is: A. the conditioned response (CR). B. the conditioned stimulus (CS). C. the neutral stimulus (NS). D. the unconditioned response (UR).
answer
D
question
24. To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: A. positive punishment B. negative reinforcer C. conditioned reinforcer D. negative punishment
answer
A
question
25. Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior. A. spontaneous recovery B. primary reinforcers C. cognitive processes D. negative reinforcers
answer
C
question
26. With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. A. with primary reinforcers; with secondary reinforcers B. every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs C. using positive reinforcement; using partial reinforcement D. at a variable rate; at a specific rate
answer
B
question
1. In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model, people record information in which order? A. short-term memory, sensory memory, encoded memory B. sensory memory, encoded memory, long-term memory C. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory D. short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory
answer
C
question
2. This activated memory holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. A. short-term memory B. sensory memory C. long-term memory D. immediate memory
answer
A
question
3. The three-stage model of memory developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account: A. people's experiences in contrast to their memories of those experiences. B. that people are able to focus all of their attention on every piece of sensory information presented to them. C. people's memory for surprising, significant events. D. that some information is processed into long-term memory without people's conscious awareness.
answer
D
question
4. Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information for storage. A. rehearsal B. automatic processing C. long-term potentiation D. the serial position effect
answer
A
question
5. Which of the following helps to retain information for a lifetime? A. Massed study B. Cramming C. Distributed practice D. Shallow processing
answer
C
question
6. People _____ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, they encode the place on a page where certain material appears. A. automatically process B. forget C. mirror D. use echoic memory to encode
answer
A
question
7. Kent's girlfriend is talking to Mimi, and Mimi asks her to repeat what she just said. Before she does so, Mimi responds with an answer of "Yes." This is likely caused by: A. echoic memory. B. iconic memory. C. declarative memory. D. implicit memory.
answer
A
question
8. A person's unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as: A. declarative memory. B. explicit memory. C. implicit memory. D. long-term potentiation.
answer
C
question
9. John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident. This BEST illustrates _____ memory. A. echoic B. flashbulb C. implicit D. iconic
answer
B
question
10. Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the: A. amygdala. B. hypothalamus. C. sensory cortex. D. motor cortex.
answer
A
question
11. Some of a person's memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as: A. flashbulb memories. B. sensory memories. C. long-term potentiation. D. mood congruent memories.
answer
A
question
12. James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. His damage is to the A. right-hippocampus B. left-hippocampus C. left thalamus D. right thalamus
answer
B
question
13. Even after we learn the material, _____ increases retention. A. unlearning B. overlearning C. underlearning D. sleeping
answer
B
question
14. In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of: A. automatic processing. B. implicit memory. C. iconic memory. D. priming.
answer
D
question
15. A student has to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory measure is known as: A. recall. B. recognition. C. reconstruction. D. relearning.
answer
B
question
16. People use retrieval cues to access target information. Which is NOT one of the best retrieval cues? A. Tastes, smells, or sights that were part of the original context when the memory was encoded. B. Result of associations formed when the memory was encoded. C. Experiences or words associated with the memory. D. The serial position effect.
answer
D
question
17. According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories. A. retrieving B. processing C. focusing D. repressing
answer
D
question
18. In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates: A. repression. B. retroactive interference. C. anterograde amnesia. D. source amnesia.
answer
C
question
19. Which BEST describes the typical forgetting curve? A. a steady, slow decline in retention over time B. a steady, rapid decline in retention over time C. a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter D. a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter
answer
C
question
20. _____ occurs when something people learned before interferes with their recall of something they learn later. A. Proactive interference B. Retroactive interference C. A flashbulb memory D. Relearning
answer
A
question
21. The sense of familiarity without awareness of why is known as: A. proactive interference. B. retroactive interference. C. flashbulb memory. D. déjà vu.
answer
D
question
22. Because of _____, "hypnotically refreshed" memories may prove inaccurate, especially if the hypnotist asks leading questions. A. encoding failure B. state-dependent memory C. proactive interference D. memory construction
answer
D
question
The surprising ease with which people form false memories BEST illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve: A. implicit memory. B. automatic processing. C. long-term potentiation. D. memory construction.
answer
D
question
24. When people repeatedly imagine nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. For example, in an experiment students are asked to repeatedly imagine breaking a toothpick. Following this, they are more likely to think they have actually broken a toothpick. This is known as: A. linguistic determinism. B. source amnesia. C. imagination inflation. D. retroactive interference.
answer
C
question
25. A police officer stops Richard to ask him about an automobile accident he may have witnessed the previous day. Since Richard was in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer, how might the officer's wording affect Richard's recollection of the incident? He would be MORE likely to remember: A. a more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other). B. a less serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other). C. no details of the accident because the officer was intimidating to Richard. D. The officer's wording would not affect Richard's memory of the incident.
answer
A
question
26. Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than a young adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates: A. proactive interference. B. implicit memory. C. the serial position effect. D. the misinformation effect.
answer
D
question
27. Memories before age _____ are often unreliable. A. six B. five C. four D. three
answer
D
question
28. Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates: A. implicit memory. B. the spacing effect. C. source amnesia. D. mood-congruent memory.
answer
C
question
29. Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as: A. source amnesia. B. infantile amnesia. C. blocking. D. mood-congruent memory.
answer
A
question
30. This occurs partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas. A. imagination inflation B. false memories C. long-term potentiation D. source amnesia
answer
A
question
31. After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the MAN who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience BEST illustrates: A. implicit memory. B. proactive interference. C. the misinformation effect. D. the serial position effect.
answer
C
question
32. It is common to recognize a person but to have no idea where we met him. Or, people may HEAR something but later recall instead that they SAW it. This type of misattribution is known as: A. source amnesia. B. persistence. C. priming. D. transience.
answer
A
question
3. Research on memory construction reveals that memories: A. are stored as exact copies of experience. B. reflect a person's biases and assumptions. C. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another. D. even if long-term, usually decay within about five years.
answer
B
question
34. Contrary to the claims of many people who believe they were molested as toddlers and infants, memories of things happening before age _____ are unreliable. A. three B. four C. five D. six
answer
A
question
35. As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother could really imagine dialing the phone. This is an example of: A. blocking. B. imagination inflation. C. transience. D. persistence.
answer
B
question
36. When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as: A. the misinformation effect. B. retroactive interference. C. long-term potentiation. D. source amnesia.
answer
A
question
37. Raoul decided to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. What Raoul does not realize is that, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of: A. encoding failure. B. state-dependent memory. C. proactive interference. D. memory construction.
answer
D
question
38. Perceptual illusions are to _____ as false memories are to _____. A. real perceptions; real memories B. Gestalt psychologists; behaviorists C. source misattribution; source amnesia D. hypnosis; age regression
answer
A
question
39. When people recall an imagined event as something that they directly experienced, or something that really happened to them, people are BEST illustrating: A. the self-reference effect. B. mood-congruent memory. C. proactive interference. D. source misattribution.
answer
D
question
40. Ray is trying to determine if his eight-year-old daughter is telling the truth about an incident that happened when she was four years old. She claims that someone stole her doll and then ran over it with a car. However, her descriptions of the event are rather vague. What is the likelihood that she is remembering a real event? A. Because her memory of the event has persisted, it is likely a REAL memory. B. Because she is repeating the "gist" and not the details of the event, it is likely a REAL memory. C. Because she is repeating the "gist" and not the details of the event, it is likely a FALSE memory. D. Children cannot remember things that happened before age 5, so it is likely a FALSE memory.
answer
C
question
41. Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experiences versus imagined memories is: A. imagined memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the supposed event. B. real memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the event. C. real memories are more persistent. D. imagined memories are more persistent.
answer
A
question
42. Six-months after a patient committed suicide, a doctor's attorney is asking if the patient called him before committing the act. The doctor responds in the negative. Three months later, opposing counsel asks him similar questions and he gives the opposite response, confusing this patient with one of his current patients. This is an example of: A. the self-reference effect. B. mood-congruent memory. C. proactive interference. D. source misattribution.
answer
D
question
43. One of Maria's new patients claims to have been molested, and discovered this after going to a hypnotherapist. Which does Maria NOT know? A. Hypnotized subjects incorporate suggestions into their memories. B. Memories recovered under hypnosis are unreliable. C. Incest and sexual abuse do happen. D. Memories recovered under medications are reliable.
answer
B
question
44. Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble, because he cannot figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as: A. infantile amnesia. B. source amnesia. C. blocking. D. mood-congruent memory.
answer
B
question
45. Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck's study of children's memories showed that _____ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where they were examined. A. 40 B. 55 C. 70 D. 85
answer
B
question
1.Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov's terms, the meat powder is a. an unconditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response
answer
A
question
2. In Pavlov's original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UCR) was a. the sound of a tone b. salivation elicited by a tone c. the presentation of meat powder following a tone d. salivation elicited by meat powder
answer
D
question
3. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. unconditioned reinforcer d. conditioned reinforcer
answer
B
question
4. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that is originally neutral in regard to the response to be learned is the a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response
answer
C
question
5. Veronica had been working at Zenex Industries for 8 months when her boss asked to see her in his office. She thought he wanted to talk about a promotion so she was quite excited, but instead of giving her a promotion, the boss told Veronica she was being laid off as a result of company downsizing. Veronica could feel her heart pounding as she listened to the news. Veronica was able to get a new job, but every time her new boss asks to talk to her in private, Veronica feels a little faint. In this example, the unconditioned response is a. the bad news from her boss at Zenex Industries b. her new boss asking for a private meeting c. her pounding heart when she heard she was being laid off d. the faintness she feels when her new boss wants to talk to her in private
answer
C
question
6. One Saturday, Lacey was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Lacey she had just won a $1000 gift certificate. She felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what she could do with $1000. Now Lacey finds that whenever she hears a telephone ring, she feels a surge of excitement. In this example, the rush of excitement that Lacey felt when she heard she had won the gift certificate is a. the conditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned stimulus c. the unconditioned response d. the conditioned response
answer
C
question
7. The continued presentation of the CS without the UCS will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as a. extinction b. inhibition c. suppression d. conditioned forgetting
answer
A
question
8. After training one of his dogs to salivate in response to a tone, Pavlov continued to present the tone periodically without the food, with the result that the dog a. kept responding at the same intensity, despite extended exposure to the tone alone b. stopped responding immediately c. initially responded to the tone at an even greater intensity than before d. gradually stopped responding to the tone
answer
D
question
9. If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, the dog is showing evidence of a. spontaneous recovery b. conditioned emotional reactions c. stimulus generalization d. stimulus discrimination
answer
D
question
10. In classical conditioning, a subject can learn to respond to one CS but not to another similar CS. This is the phenomenon of a. extinction b. stimulus generalization c. conditioned forgetting d. stimulus discrimination
answer
D
question
11. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a. responses come to be controlled by their consequences b. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior c. involuntary responses are slowly replaced by voluntary responses d. a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus
answer
A
question
12. In a variable-ratio schedule, the reinforcer is given a. after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses b. after a variable number of nonreinforced responses c. for the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time has elapsed d. for the first response that occurs after a variable amount of time has elapsed
answer
B
question
13. Shaquille is a professional basketball player. He never knows for sure which of his shots will result in a basket, but the more shots he takes the more baskets he makes. In this example, Shaquille's shooting is being reinforced on a. a fixed-ratio schedule b. a fixed-interval schedule c. a variable-ratio schedule d. a variable-interval schedule
answer
C
question
14. Josiah checks his electronic mail several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behavior of checking his electronic mail is being reinforced on a. a variable-interval schedule b. a fixed-ratio schedule c. a fixed-interval schedule d. a variable-ratio schedule
answer
D
question
15. Mary takes a course in which she is tested every two weeks. Her studying falls off right after a test, followed by a gradual increase to a rapid rate of studying as the next test approaches. Her studying conforms to the typical pattern of responding maintained on a. fixed-ratio schedules b. variable-ratio schedules c. fixed-interval schedules d. variable-interval schedules
answer
C
question
16. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. giving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner b. paying a child $1 for each "A" received on her report card c. stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room d. cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she "talks back"
answer
C
question
17. A student who studies in order to earn high grades is working for __________; a student who studies in order to avoid low grades is working for __________. a. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement b. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement c. negative reinforcement; negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement; positive reinforcement
answer
B
question
18. The learning theory that is best able to explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children is a. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning b. Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning c. Bandura's theory of observational learning d. Rescorla's theory of signal relations
answer
C
question
19. Jorge listens attentively to the state of the union speech and translates the information from the speech into new memories. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Jorge is able to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time is a. encoding b. storage c. retrieval d. priming
answer
A
question
20. Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is a. encoding b. retrieval c. chunking d. storage
answer
D
question
21. If you were attempting to recall a memory, the memory process you would be using is a. encoding b. storage c. retrieval d. acquisition
answer
C
question
22. The process of recalling information from memory is referred to as a. retrieval b. encoding c. storage d. information registry
answer
A
question
23. Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information that causes encoding to occur? a. semantic b. structural c. phonemic d. functional
answer
D
question
24. In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words? a. morphemic b. phonemic (also called "acoustic") c. mnemonic d. platonic
answer
B
question
25. Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: dog, pail, and hate. Later, he recalled these words as: "log, whale, and late." Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original word list a. phonemically b. structurally c. semantically d. retroactively
answer
A
question
26. A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called a. a structural code b. a phonemic code c. a semantic code d. an episodic code
answer
C
question
27. Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "pup, bucket, and loathe." Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list a. proactively b. semantically c. phonemically d. structurally
answer
B
question
28. A sensory memory a. usually lasts for about 30 seconds b. can be maintained by rehearsal c. is usually stored acoustically d. gives you additional time to try to recognize a stimulus
answer
D
question
29. You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone, you can't remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from __________ memory, because the phone conversation distracted you from __________ the information. a. sensory; perceiving b. short-term; rehearsing c. long-term; rehearsing d. long-term; retrieving
answer
B
question
30. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the items down as he hears them, he is MOST likely to remember a. less than 5 of the items from the list b. approximately 10 to 12 items from the list c. the entire list d. between 5 and 9 items from the list
answer
D
question
31. Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into "hit red bat." This is an example of a. chunking b. elaboration c. rehearsal d. clustering
answer
A
question
32. Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves, which graphed his retention over time, suggested that MOST forgetting occurs a. very gradually over long periods of time b. only after several days have passed c. as a result of interference with other information d. very rapidly after learning something
answer
D
question
33. Imagine you complete a computer-programming course, but never have a chance to use the programming language once the course is over. Based on the research results reported by Ebbinghaus, over the years you should expect a. there will be a constant, steady decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course b. most of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later there will be a slow, steady increase in what you are able to recall from the programming course c. very little of what you learned will be forgotten early, but later there will be a rapid decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course d. most of what you learned will be forgotten early, and there will continue to be a slow decline in what you are able to recall from the programming course
answer
D
question
34. The probable reason that Ebbinghaus' forgetting curves were so steep was that Ebbinghaus a. had a poor memory b. learned too many lists c. used very meaningless materials d. used autobiographical materials
answer
C
question
35. LeAnn had her purse snatched as she walked out to her car. The police who are investigating the crime ask LeAnn to try to pick the purse-snatcher out of a line-up of eight suspects. The police are basically using a. a recognition task to recover information from LeAnn's memory b. a recall task to recover information from LeAnn's memory c. transfer-appropriate encoding to recover information from LeAnn's memory d. a misinformation task to recover information from LeAnn's memory
answer
A
question
36. An essay exam is most similar to the __________ method of measuring retention. a. recognition b. recall c. relearning d. production
answer
B
question
37. A relearning measure requires subjects to a. memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved b. select previously learned information from an array of options c. reproduce information on their own without any cues d. indicate whether a given piece of information is familiar
answer
A
question
38. __________ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information. a. Retroactive interference b. Proactive interference c. Retrograde amnesia d. Anterograde amnesia
answer
A
question
39. You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old phone number. This is an example of a. retroactive interference b. proactive interference c. retrograde amnesia d. motivated forgetting
answer
A
question
40. Curtis has been testing a new software package for the past two months. However, he decides not to switch and he goes back to using his old software. Unfortunately, he is now having some problems in recalling how to do certain tasks with the old software, and often finds himself trying to do things the way he did with the new software he was testing. Curtis' problems illustrate the effects of a. retroactive interference b. state-dependent forgetting c. proactive interference d. memory reconstruction
answer
A
question
41. Proactive interference occurs when a. new information impairs the retention of previously learned information b. previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information c. a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury d. a person loses memories of events that occur after a head injury
answer
B
question
42. Your female friend recently got married and changed her last name to that of her husband's. You have difficulty remembering her new last name because of a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. memory decay d. response inhibition
answer
A
