TLED 468 Final – Flashcards
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What is the zone of proximal development (ZDP)? A) the amount of help that a student needs in order to experience maximal growth B) the level of work that a student can do when working on his or her own C) the difference between what a student can do on his or her own and what the student can do with help D) the amount of growth that a student should attain in a yearʹs time
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C) the difference between what a student can do on his or her own and what the student can do with help
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Which of the following is a top-down approach to reading? A) teaching phonics after children have learned to read a number of words B) teaching the letters of the alphabet and then their sounds C) teaching phonics and then teaching students to apply this skill to real reading D) teaching the sounds but not the names of the letters
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A) teaching phonics after children have learned to read a number of words
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Which of the following practices would most likely lead to an aesthetic response? A) asking students if anything in a story reminded them of something that happened to them B) discussing why the author might have written a story C) having students create a diagram of the story D) discussing the techniques that the author used to create suspense
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A) asking students if anything in a story reminded them of something that happened to them
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What does the sentence ʺWe eated our lunchʺ spoken by a young child indicate about learning language? A) Learning language is an imitative process. B) Learning language is a constructive process. C) Learning language is a straightforward process. D) Not all children follow the same developmental path when learning language.
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B) Learning language is a constructive process.
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The ultimate purpose of Response to Intervention is to A) reduce the number of students provided with special education services. B) do whatever it takes to bring all students up to the fullest literacy possible. C) improve special education services. D) make classroom teachers more responsible for at-risk students.
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B) do whatever it takes to bring all students up to the fullest literacy possible.
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If schools do not offer bilingual programs for ELL students, such as in California, what is the most effective approach to teaching these English language learners to read? A) Delay all formal reading instruction until they have a reasonable command of English. B) Delay teaching them to read in their native language until they can read in English. C) Teach them to read in their native language and in English simultaneously. D) Teach them to read in the language that is more phonetically (phonically) regular and simple to understand.
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A) Delay all formal reading instruction until they have a reasonable command of English.
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What seems to be the cause of the fourth-grade slump, particularly for students living in poverty? A) There is less classroom help available in most poor schools after the third grade. B) Pupils become discouraged after several years of negative school experiences. C) Schooling becomes more academic and more abstract. D) Schooling becomes less interesting and less challenging once basic skills are learned.
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C) Schooling becomes more academic and more abstract.
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What effect does dialect have on reading proficiency? A) It significantly impedes vocabulary building, word recognition, and comprehension. B) It has virtually no effect on reading achievement but may influence teacher attitude. C) It results in an overall decrease in reading scores regardless of the native language involved. D) It dramatically slows the earlier stages of learning to read but later has less impact.
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B) It has virtually no effect on reading achievement but may influence teacher attitude.
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The major problem with high-stakes tests is that they often A) are too difficult for most students. B) put unnecessary and undue pressure on students. C) take too much time away from voluntary reading. D) narrow the curriculum to what is tested.
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D) narrow the curriculum to what is tested.
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What is the main purpose of progress monitoring? A) to predict later success over many years B) to establish base reading levels and depict any problems C) to see if students are currently making adequate improvement D) to evaluate the effectiveness of a program
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C) to see if students are currently making adequate improvement
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The contents of a portfolio should depend primarily upon A) the goals and results of instruction. B) the speed with which the student learns. C) the level of instruction. D) the amount of work the student has done.
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A
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The best approach for assessing the difficulty level of materials is to A) use both the ATOS and the lexile scale. B) create a word list formula and a syllable formula. C) rely on a well-accepted leveling system such as that created by Fountas and Pinnell. D) use objective and subjective methods such as formulas, leveling scores, and observations, and professional judgment.
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D
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Children begin acquiring literacy A) by the third grade. B) long before they start school. C) by the end of the first grade. D) in kindergarten.
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B
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Which of the following concepts of print is the most basic, and one that you would most likely teach first? A) Written words are divided by spaces. B) What we say can be written down. C) Sentences begin with capital letters. D) Books have titles.
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B) What we say can be written down.
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Childrenʹs ʺpretend readingʺ should be __________ because it __________. A) discouraged; leads to ʺpretend writingʺ and excessive use of invented spelling B) discouraged; distorts their language perception and makes future phonics instruction more difficult C) encouraged; complements the writing portion of an advanced literacy program D) encouraged; helps them construct more advanced understandings about reading
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D
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The current emphasis on writing in kindergarten involves A) techniques and copied examples. B) personal satisfaction and self-esteem. C) exploration and expression. D) spelling and handwriting.
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C
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Which stage would a student be in who spells the word name as NAM? A) prealphabetic (prephonemic stage) B) consolidated alphabetic (within word pattern or orthographic stage) C) alphabetic (letter name stage) D) syllable juncture stage (conventional spelling stage)
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C
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The best way to reinforce high-frequency words is through A) writing them a number of times. B) studying flash cards. C) spelling them aloud. D) reading them at sight
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D
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)What is the main reason why sorting is an excellent reinforcement activity for phonics? A) It forces students to find critical differences in phonics patterns. B) It encourages students to note the onset and rime of each word. C) It acts as a hands-on dictionary and simple word reference. D) It takes the place of learning vowel generalizations.
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A
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What are the main disadvantages of decodable texts? A) They are too easy, repetitious, and predictable. B) They generally overwhelm students with phonics, complicated blends, and compound sounds. C) They may lack natural flow and use words that incorporate phonics but are unusual or difficult. D) They tend to overemphasize picture clues and neglect language cues.
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C
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Which of the following would best foster fluency? A) completing phonics puzzles B) reading a series of easy books C) following along as the teacher reads aloud D) reading a challenging book to another student
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B
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Which is most helpful in learning the meaning of a new word? A) learning a synonym B) hearing the word pronounced C) hearing the word explained in context D) seeing the word on a flash card
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C
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What must happen for vocabulary study to have an impact upon comprehension? A) All the new words in the story must be introduced, preferably with a list at the beginning of the piece. B) Unfamiliar words must be identified, labeled, and connected to backgrounds or relationships. C) The selection must be simple, brief, and composed with one-syllable words. D) The selection must be read
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B
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Which of the following is a tier 2 word? A) saw B) peered C) looked D) refracted
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B
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Which of the following graphic organizers works best when two subjects are being compared, and similar traits are being identified? A) Venn diagram B) labeled diagram C) pictorial map D) semantic map
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A
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The most effective approach for learning new words, one that requires little planning or effort, is through A) memorization of word lists. B) vocabulary workbooks. C) wide reading. D) graphic organizers.
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C
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One of the most powerful word-attack skills is morphemic analysis, which is primarily concerned with A) spelling. B) sound. C) meaning. D) sight.
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C
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Students often figure out a new word based on its more familiar root word, or encounter a word that is in their listening vocabulary but not in their reading vocabulary. They look for a part of the word they know, or try to think of a familiar word that is like the unknown word. What concept does this involve? A) morphemic analysis B) contextual clues C) homophones D) dictionary use
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A
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It is estimated that the average young reader is able to use __________ successfully only 5 and 20 percent of the time, because even when the textʹs clues are fairly obvious, students fail to notice them. A) contextual analysis B) syllabic analysis C) morphemic analysis D) dictionary referencing
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A
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For word recognition, what should be used as a last resort? A) dictionary usage B) structural analysis C) morphemic analysis D) phonics analysis
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A
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Juan has played soccer but has never played football. Football was not a popular sport where he grew up. Despite excellent word recognition skills, Juan, who generally has little difficulty comprehending selections, is unable to answer most of the questions about a boy who leads his team to the state football championship. What seems to be the main source of Juanʹs difficulty? A) Juan focuses on pronouncing the words correctly and so fails to read for meaning. B) Juan has little interest in the story because he cannot identify with the main character. C) Juan lacks adequate comprehension strategies. D) Juan has limited background knowledge for understanding the story.
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D
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The most important factor in comprehension is A) clarity of the selection. B) length and word count of the selection. C) quality of questions asked about the selection. D) readerʹs background knowledge about the topic of the selection.
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D
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According to research, the most effective organizational strategy for comprehension is A) selecting or constructing the main idea. B) comprehending the main idea. C) summarizing. D) determining the importance of information
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C
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Which of the following is a preparational strategy? A) summarizing key ideas B) activating prior knowledge C) noting relevant details D) seeking main ideas
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B
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Which technique is especially designed for students having difficulty with inferences? A) reciprocal teaching B) QAR C) monitoring D) imaging
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B
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Which elaboration strategy works with concrete ideas as students learn to picture concepts in their minds? A) imaging B) macro-cloze C) making inferences D) QAR
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A
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Reciprocal teaching includes the following: A) inferring, confirming, evaluating, repairing. B) visualizing, setting goals, repairing, answering. C) predicting, questioning, clarifying, summarizing. D) evaluating, confirming, imaging, comprehending.
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C
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Most children first learn how to develop a schema for stories through A) listening to stories. B) discussing the major elements of stories. C) reading stories. D) writing stories.
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A
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Which questions are best for helping students activate schema and read with a purpose in mind? A) questions asked before a selection is read B) questions asked at key stopping points during the reading of a selection C) questions asked after each page has been read D) questions asked after a selection has been read
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A
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Which of the following is most likely to result in longer and more elaborative responses, higher-level thought processes, and fewer no-responses and I-donʹt-knows? A) wait time B) varied questions C) taxonomy of questions D) assisted questions
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A
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Which of the following techniques is best at getting students to use context and read for meaning on a sentence-by-sentence basis? A) directed reading-thinking activity (DR-TA) B) KWL C) guided reading D) cloze
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D
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What sets content-area reading apart from other kinds of reading? A) Students must read for longer periods of time. B) Students encounter many more difficult words. C) Students must learn how to follow a strong narrative content. D) Students learn new concepts in a content area and then apply this knowledge.
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D
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Which technique was specifically designed to help teachers model comprehension processes? A) survey technique B) anticipation guide C) structured overview D) think-aloud
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D
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Which of the following would provide the most help for struggling readers and English Language Learners? A) pattern guide B) gloss C) summarizing strategy guide D) cause-effect guide
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B
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Which of the following writing activities would best foster understanding and retention? A) copying Jeffersonʹs and Hamiltonʹs concepts of government B) taking notes on Jeffersonʹs and Hamiltonʹs concepts of government C) comparing Jeffersonʹs and Hamiltonʹs concepts of government D) listing words involved in Jeffersonʹs and Hamiltonʹs concepts of government
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C
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Which of the following is the most thoroughly documented and widely used study technique in English-speaking countries, because it fosters both understanding and long-term retention of material being read independently? A) graphic organizer B) structured overview C) SQ3R D) KWL
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C
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Which of the following questions is designed to elicit an aesthetic response? A) ʺHow does this story compare with the last story we read?ʺ B) ʺWhat new information did you find in the story?ʺ C) ʺWho is the author of the story?ʺ D) ʺHave you ever known anyone like the main character in the story?ʺ
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D
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Which of the following should be read efferently? A) a long and rambling poem B) a young adult novel C) a set of directions D) a well-known drama
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C
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According to reader response theory, when reading a poem or story, the reader A) summarizes what the author has said. B) is carried away by feelings evoked by the text. C) seeks the authorʹs message. D) constructs meaning on the basis of what he or she knows about the author
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B
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The main aim of literature discussion groups is to A) allow students to learn how to speak before a group and lead a discussion. B) encourage independence in reading, work habits, and discussion. C) foster deeper appreciation and understanding for literature. D) involve all students equally while bring up reading levels for struggling students.
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c
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Which of the following is performed by having all participants read orally? A) story theater B) prompting strategy use C) readersʹ theater D) theme analysis
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C
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The main advantage of text sets is that A) students choose favorite topics and create their own reading lists, at their own levels. B) they make connections and allow for comparing and contrasting. C) the whole class has a common reading experience. D) less time is spent reading in class so more time is available for discussion.
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B
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Which of the following provides the most direction for teachers? A) core literature B) thematic units C) basal/literature anthology D) reading workshop
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C
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When writing individual language-experience stories, it is recommended that the teacher A) write exactly what the child says, even if there is a grammatical error. B) phonetically respell the childʹs mispronunciations. C) change only the childʹs grammatical errors. D) make changes wherever necessary to make the pieces readable
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A
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When revising, novice writers are generally most conscious of A) spelling and handwriting, B) length of composition and particular words used. C) sentence structure and sentence length. D) suitability of content and audience who will be reading their work.
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A
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Which of the following prompts might you use if the student has supplied details but has not explained them or elaborated upon them? A) Can you tell me more about your dog? B) You say you taught your dog to do tricks? How did you teach your dog to do tricks? C) Yes, this is a dog. Can you tell me something about the dog? D) Do all your ideas fit here?
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B
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) In __________, students in are taught writing strategies in small groups, with all members at about the same level of writing development or with similar needs. A) guided writing B) a minilesson C) group sharing D) quickwrites
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A
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The Six Traits Plus approach focuses on __________ as its main element of writing A) objectivity B) grammatical form C) ideas D) theme
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C
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In which of the following reading methods are students grouped by level of reading proficiency? A) whole class B) guided C) interest D) cooperative
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B
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A key characteristic of effective literacy programs is to know where the students are and what they are lacking, then make adjustments as needed, referred to as A) the holistic approach. B) the open content method. C) reading recovery. D) progress monitoring.
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D
