Psychology 2301-03: Chapter 6 Review – Flashcards
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Shaping is a(n) ________ procedure.
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Operant conditioning
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According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled by...
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External influences
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Our ability to learn by witnessing the behavior of others best illustrates...
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Observational learning
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Psychologists define learning as the process of...
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Acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
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A Skinner box is a(n)...
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Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward
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A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is an indicative of...
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Discrimination
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Negative reinforcers _______ the rate of operate responding, and punishments _______ the rate of operate responding
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increase; decrease
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A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)....
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Specific amount of time has passed
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A dog salivates to the sound of a tone because the tone has regularly been associated with the delivery of food. In this case, the tone is called a(n)...
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Conditioned stimulus
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After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded to fear to the sight of a white rabbit. This best illustrates the process of...
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Generalization
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What learning type refers to mental information such as language, math, and culture?
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Cognitive learning
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What learning type refers to certain events that lead to additional social discoveries?
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Associative learning; this also contains classical conditioning (the linkage of 2 sets of information to anticipate events) and operate conditioning (ability to associate a response to a consequence or a repeat of actions when followed by good results).
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Describe Ivan Pavlov's components of classical conditioning.
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Unconditioned stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response Unconditioned response (UR): Natural response to a stimulus Neutral stimulus (NS): No conditioned response Conditioned stimulus (CS): Triggers a conditioned response Conditioned response (CR): A learned response to a previous neutral stimulus
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What five processes did Pavlov's experiments reveal?
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1) Acquisition -NS and US are paired 2) Extinction CR weakens over time 3) Spontaneous recovery - reappearance of CR 4) Generalization - Response similar to CS 5) Discrimination - Response not similar to CS
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What are the principles of Operate conditioning?
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Shaping, Conditions 1 2 and 3 within Skinner's box.
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Describe Skinner's experiments.
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They were built on Thorndike's law of effect (rewarded behavior is likely to be repeated and the environment controls one's behavior).
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What is positive/negative reinforcement/punishment within operate conditioning?
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Positive: add something Negative: take something away Reinforcement: Increased likelihood of a good future response. Punishment: Decreased likelihood of a good future response.
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What are the types of partial reinforcement?
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Fixed ratio: Behavior after a set number of responses Variable ratio: After unpredictable number of responses Fixed interval: First response after a fixed time period Variable interval: Preceding response after an unpredictable amount of time.
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What are some problems with punishment?
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1) Effects are sometimes temporary 2) Can give the wrong message 3) Punishment can be reinforcing 4) Immediate punishment is most effective 5) Fear/anger/sadness can interfere with the learning process.
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What learning type involves learning by observing and models the imitation of specific behaviors?
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Bandura's Observational learning
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What are the four effects of viewing violence?
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1) Teaches how to be violent 2) Reduces one's restraint over violence 3) Desensitizes one to cruelty 4) Reshapes reality based on media and society
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Identify each of the following examples as either positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, or negative punishment. 1) Jimmy's father gives him $5 for washing his car. 2) Maria was fighting with her sister and her mother told her she cannot watch TV for the remaining of the night. 3) Keila is 4 years old and her mother spanks her for running out into the street. 4) You always put your seat belt on so that the annoying buzzer will stop beeping.
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1) Positive reinforcement 2) Negative punishment 3) Positive punishment 4) Negative reinforcement
