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Jon Shepard

answer

Who is the Author of our sociology book?

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Socialization

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The process of learning to participate in a group life through the acquisition of culture.

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Personality

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The relativity organized complex of attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors associated with an individual.

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Harry Harlow

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Who is known for his experiment on rhesus monkeys, who he kept in isolation? Infant monkeys need intimacy.

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Intensive and prolonged social contact with others

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Personal and social development associated with being human is acquired through _____?

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Theoretical perceptive

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Sociology's Four Theoretical Perspectives: Structural-Functional, Social Conflict, Feminism & Symbolic Interactionism. Theories are an essential part of the framework used to organize specific social phenomena within the social sciences.

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Symbolic interactionism

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Formulated by Mead and Cooley Is the process of interaction in the formation of meanings for individuals. Believed that human beings are best understood in a practical, interactive relation to their environment.

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Functionalism

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Emphasizes the contributions performed by each part of a society.

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Proletariat

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Those who labor at subsistence wages for the bourgeoisie.

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Bourgeoisie

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Members of industrial society who own the means for producing wealth.

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Power

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The ability to control the behavior of others, even against their will.

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Latent function

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An unintended and unrecognized consequence of some element of society.

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Manifest function

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Intended and recognized at the time

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Conflict theory

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The theoretical perspective that emphasizes conflict, competition, change, and constraint within a society.

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Socialism

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Type of economy in which production is owned by the people And the economy is controlled by the government.

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Self-concept

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An image of oneself as an entity separate from other people.

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Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead

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The originators of symbolic interactionism. Challenges the belief prominent in their day that human nature is biologically determined.

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Charles Horton Cooley

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Who coined the term looking- glass-self?

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Looking-glass-self

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A self concept based on our perceptions of others judgements of us.

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Significant others

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A segment of the population whose members have relatively similar share of the desirable things and who share attitudes, values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle. For a child: include mother, father, grandparents For Adults: spouse, parents, Friends For teens: peers

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Role taking

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The process that allows us to take the viewpoint of another individual and then respond to ourselves from that imagined viewpoint.

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Cognition

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The process of thinking, knowing or processing information.

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George Herbert Mead

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Who believed the ability for role taking is a three stage process: imitation stage, play stage, and game stage?

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Imitation stage

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Around age 1 1/2 - 2 a child imitates without understanding the physical and verbal behavior if a significant other.

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Play stage

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The stage during which children take on roles of others one at a time. Involves acting and thinking as a child imagines another person would.

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Game stage

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The stage in which children learn to engage in more sophisticated role taking.

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Generalized other

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An integrated conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of ones community or society emerges.

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Me

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The part of self formed through socialization. Meads theory is the socialized side.

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I

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The first reaction of the self. Meads theory is the unsocialized side.

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Sigmund Freud

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Greatest contribution was the influence of early childhood experiences on personality development. First few years shape psychological and social functioning. Believed human personality is determined in early childhood. Personality has three parts ID, the ego and superego.

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ID

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Is made up of biologically inherited urges, impulses and desires.

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Ego

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The conscious, rational part of the personality that thinks, plans, and decides. The personality is to mediate between innate impulses and the conscience.

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Superego

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The conscience that contains all the right and wrong ideas.

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Sensorimotor stage

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The most significant development during this stage is the development of a sense of object permanence. A sense that objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

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Erik Erickson

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Who believes we pass thorough a series of eight developmental stages? Believed personality can change at any time.

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Preoperational stage

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Ages 2-7. Children learn to think symbolically and to use language. Dominant characteristic of children in this stage is self centeredness.

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Concrete operations

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Ages 7-11. Child begins to think logically about time, quantity, and space, handle arithmetic operations and sort items into logicAl categories. Can reverse thoughts and operations.

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Formal operations

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Age 11+. Learn to think without concrete objects ands manipulations, they can begin to think in terms of abstract and principles. The capacity for adult thinking develops.

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Jean Piaget

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Stages of cognitive growth. Thinking, knowing, perceiving, judging, and reasoning. Children gradually develop cognitive abilities through interaction with their social setting.

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desocialization

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The first step toward change is ____? The process of relinquishing old norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.

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Reference group

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A group used to evaluate oneself and from which to acquire attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms.

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Resocialization

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The process of learning to adopt new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors can begin.

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Anticipatory socialization

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The process of preparing oneself for learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. Generally not in institutions requires voluntary change.

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Total institutions

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Places in which residents are separated from the rest of society. (Prisons and mental hospitals)

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Cultural universals

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General cultural traits thought to exist in all known cultures. Religion, education and cooking etc.

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Hidden curriculum

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The subterranean informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children Are taught as preparation for life in the larger society.

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Peer group

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Composed of individuals roughly the same age with similar interests. Is the only agent of socialization that is not controlled primarily by adults.

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Mass media

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The means of communication designed to reach the general population. TV, radio, magazines, movies, Internet.

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Early adulthood

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Begins toward the end of teen years and extends into the late thirties.

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Middle adulthood

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The period when new questions about ones place in the world arise.

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Late adulthood

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The withdrawal from participation in certain major aspects of social life.

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Continuity theory

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Most aging people maintain consistency with their past lives and use their life experiences to intentionally continue developing I'm self determined channels.

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Hospices

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Organizations that provide support for the dying and their families.

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Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

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Who Identified the five stages of the terminally ill.

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Denial and isolation

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First stage where there is a refusal to accept the fact that one is going to die.

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Anger

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Second stage is the dominant emotion. After they accept the fact they are dying.

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Bargaining

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Third stage mostly involves asking for more time.

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Depression

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Fourth stage is when they can no longer deny the reality of dying.

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Acceptance

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The last stage is the ability to think about death with a degree of quiet expectation.

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Social class

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Refers to a segment of a population whose members have a relatively similar share of society's desirable goods and who share attitudes, values, Norms, and an identifiable lifestyle.

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Role less status

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Where there is almost no cultural definition of what a person should do?

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Cyber bullying

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Bullying through electronic media such as email, im, chat rooms, web sites, and cellular phones.

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Ideology

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The ruling classes set of ideas they use to justify and defend their interest and actions.

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Power elite

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A unified coalition of the top military, corporate, and government leaders.

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Social structure

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Awareness to engage in patterned social relAtionships within groups, without personal embarrassment or social disruption.

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Status

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A position a person occupies within social structure.

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Ascribed status

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Social status that is assigned to is.

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Achieved status

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Social status that is earned or chosen because people have some degree of control or choice.

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Status set

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All the statuses that an individual occupies at any particular time.

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Master statuses

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A status important because they influence most other aspects of a persons life.

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Roles

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Culturally defined rights and obligations attached to a status. They indicate the behavior expected of an individual holding that particular status.

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Rights

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Informs individuals of behavior they can expect from others. Drs obligated to provide diagnosis and patient have the right to expect it.

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Role performance

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The actual conduct or behavior, activating a role.

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Obligations

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Inform individuals of the behavior others expect from them. Patients have obligation to keep appointments and Drs have the right to expect they will.

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Social interaction

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The process of two or more persons influencing each other's behavior.

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The deer hunter

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Russian roulette

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Role conflict

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Occurs when the performance of a role in one status clashes with that in another status.

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Role Strain

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Occurs when some of the roles of a single status clash.

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Feral

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Unsocialized

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Society

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The largest and most self-sufficient group I'm existence. Composed of people living within defined territorial borders, sharing common culture.

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Hunting and gathering society

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#1 Survives by hunting animals and gathering edible foods such as wild fruits and vegetables. Oldest know solution to the subsistence problem. Usually nomadic

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Horticultural societies

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#2 Solved the subsistence problem primarily through the domestication of plants.

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Pastoral societies

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#3 Food is obtained primarily by raising and caring for domesticated animals. Cattle, camels, goats, sheep that they milk and meat.

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Agricultural socitey

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#4 Transition from horticultural society made possible through invention of the plow.

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Industrial society

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#5 the industrial revolution created. A society whose subsistence is based primarily on the application of science and technology to the production of goods and services.

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Structural differentiation

answer

When a single social structure divides into two or more social structures that operate more successfully separately than one alone would under the new circumstances.

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Gemeinschaft

answer

German for community by Ferdinand tonnies Preindustrial society is based on tradition , kinship, and intimate social relationships.

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Gesellschaft

answer

German for society. Type of society characterized by weak family ties, competition and impersonal social relationships.

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Mechanical solidarity

answer

The foundation for social unity. Society in which the division of labor is simple and most people are doing the same work.

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Organic solidarity

answer

Society is dependent on one another for goods and services. What Modern industrial society is based on? Social unity through specialized statuses that force interdependence among members of a society. You

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Folk society

answer

Rests on tradition, cultural and social consensus, family, personal ties, little division of labor, and an emphasis on the sacred.

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Urban Society

answer

Social relationships are impersonal and contractual, the important of family declines.

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Postindustrial society

answer

#6 Knowledge and service organizations dislodge the production of goods as the major source of power and prime mover of social life.

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Modernization

answer

The process involving all those social and cultural changes accompanying economic development.

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Modernization theory

answer

Changes associated with modernization are the result of an evolutionary process by which societies become increasingly complex.

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Convergence

answer

For see development of socIal and cultural similarity among modernizing nations.

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Global culture

answer

A homogenized way of life spread across the globe.

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Divergence

answer

Do NOT see social and cultural homogeneity as an inevitable result of modernization.

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Globalization

answer

Process by which increasingly permeable geographical boundaries lead different societies to share in common some economic, political and social arrangements.

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World system theory

answer

The pattern of a nations development largely depends on the nations location in the world economy. Predict divergence between core and peripheral nations.

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Group

answer

Composed of several people who are in contact with one another, share some ways of thinking, feeling,and behaving, take one another's behavior into account and have one or more interests in common.

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Social category

answer

A number of persons who share a social characteristics.

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Social aggregate

answer

People who happen to be at the same place at the same time.

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Primary group

answer

Composed of people who are emotionally close, who know one another well, who seek one another's company because they enjoy being together. Have a WE feeling.

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Primary relationships

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A relationship that is intimate, personal, based on genuine concern for another's total personality, and fulfilling in itself.

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Secondary groip

answer

Exists to accomplish a specific goal. Impersonal and goal oriented and involves only a segment of to members lives.

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Secondary relationships

answer

The relationships of the group members. Impersonal interactions involving only limited parts of their personality.

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Reference groups

answer

Certain groups used to evaluate ourselves and to acquire attitudes, values, beliefs and norms.

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In-group

answer

A group which one feels intense identification and loyalty.

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Out-grouo

answer

A group toward which one feels opposition, antagonism, and competition

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Social network

answer

A web social relationships that joins a person directly to other people and groups and through those individuals and groups, indirectly to additional parties.

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Cooperation

answer

Form of interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach some common goal.

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Conflict

answer

Occurs when individuals or groups work against one another to obtain a larger share of the limited valuables in a society.

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Social exchange

answer

When one person voluntarily does something for another, expecting a reward in return.

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Coercion

answer

An individual or a group compels others to behave in certain ways.

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White collar

answer

Business men

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Blue collar

answer

Working factory worker

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Conformity

answer

A type of social interaction in which an individual behaves toward others in ways expected by the groups.

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Interaction process analysis

answer

Developed by Robert Bales. Interaction within groups must be designed to solve both instrumental problems and social emotional problems.

question

Instrumental and social emotional problems

answer

Robert bales. Interaction within groups must be designed to solve both .

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Groupthink

answer

A situation in which pressures toward uniformity discourage members of a group from expressing their reservations about group decisions.

question

Formal organizations

answer

Deliberately created to achieve one or more goals. Example high school, college, corporations.

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Bureaucracies

answer

Formal organization based on rationality and efficiency.

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Authority

answer

Is the exercise of legitimate power , power that produces compliance because those subjected to it believe obedience is the proper response.

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Ideal-type method

answer

Isolated to the point of exaggeration the most basic characteristics of some social entity. Pure type

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Rationalism

answer

The solution of problems o the basis of logic data and planning rather Han tradition and superstition

question

Iron cage of rationality

answer

Marx Weber rationality spreading to all aspects of social life creating a dehumanizing social environment and entrapment of everyone.

question

Adam Smith

answer

The wealth of nations written by

question

William H Whyte

answer

The organization man written by

question

Goal displacement

answer

When organization rules and regulations become more important than goals.

question

Trained incapacity

answer

According to Thorsten Veblen exists when previous training prevents someone from adapting to new situations

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Organic- adaptive systems

answer

Organizations based on rapid response to change rather than on the continuing implantation if established administrative principles

question

Informal organization

answer

Primary relationships emerge to make a group guided by unofficial norms rituals and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization.

question

Iron law of obligatchy

answer

Formulated by German Robert Michaels power tends to become increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few members.

question

Glass ceiling

answer

Reflects that fact that few women and minorities get promoted to the more powerful positions

question

Delegation

answer

Creating a hierarchy of authority.

question

Sexual hareassment

answer

Ones use of superior power in making unwelcome sexual advances

question

Organizational enviroment

answer

Consist of all the forces outside an organization that exerts an actual or potential influence on the organization

question

Inter organizational relationship

answer

A pattern of interaction among authorized representatives of two or more formally independent organizations.

question

Family

answer

Primary socialization group

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John Roberts

answer

Picture of Chief Justice of US supreme court

question

Solomon Asch

answer

Conformity experiemnt

question

Stanley Milgram

answer

Group pressure affect on behavior with electric shock

question

Phillip Zimbardo

answer

Observed behavior mock prison

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Social exchange

answer

Aristotle "all men" statement

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Marx Weber

answer

Ideal type method

question

Erving Goffman

answer

Writes work on total institutions

question

Dyad

answer

Smallest group that can exist two people

question

Triad

answer

A group of three

question

Leader

answer

Someone who influences other people

question

Instrumental leader

answer

A leader who tries to keep the group moving toward its goal also know as task oriented leader

question

Expressive leader

answer

An individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group also known as a socio emotional leader

question

Authoritarian leader

answer

An individual who leads by giving orders

question

Democratic leader

answer

An individual who leads by trying to reach a concensus

question

Biotech society

answer

A society whose economy centers to genetics human genetics for medicine and plant and animal genetics for production of food and materials

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Macro sociology

answer

Focus on groups

question

Micro sociology

answer

Focus on individual sociAl interaction

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Social interaction

answer

The ways that people interact with one another

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Herbert blumer

answer

Coined symbolic interactionism

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