FCS Ch. 8 – Flashcard
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According to Freud, the development of the anal stage occurs between what ages in children?
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1 - 3 yrs
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The authors of your text describe the period of early childhood in terms of
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Stepping out
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Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focuses on which two stages?
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Anal & Phallic
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According to Erikson, a preschooler's development is centered on
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toddlers new ability and want
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The preschool years, from age two to age six, include which two of Erikson's stages of development?
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--Autonomy versus shame and doubt --initiative versus guilt
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Which of the abilities initiates the Eriksonian crisis of initiative versus guilt?
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new cognitive skills
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What is a central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's view of development during the preschool period?
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Gain control of body functions, renegotiate relationships with parents
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Children who are able to classify other people into groups such as "people who are nice" and "people who are mean" are demonstrating
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person perception
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On which two factors do young children rely as they categorize or classify other people?
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judgments about others & observable characteristics
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According to your text, individuals are more likely to remember faces of people of their own race than those of a different race. This demonstrates which principles?
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Cross-race effect
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By what age do children generally believe that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than to forget to say "please"?
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2 - 3 yrs
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Give an example of a social convention
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Holding a door open for a stranger
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Summarize young children's understanding of intentions
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Young children are more able to understand intentions than Piaget thought, but they are limited in their ability to base judgement of intensions
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According to Li-Grining, how do children learn impulse control?
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learn social interactions (some positive or negative)
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How does temperament change in early childhood?
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learn behaviors, control social behaviors (complain, peer rejection)
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In early childhood, what characterizes the development of the emotional self?
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control emotions
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What is the term that describes a child's ability to cheer themselves up when they are sad or calm themselves when they are angry?
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Emotional regulation
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As the categorical self and the emotional self mature, what new component of self-concept is likely to develop?
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Social self
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What is Hoffman's first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another?
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Global empathy
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Tyler saw that his mother was upset. He toddled over to her and tried to hand her his bottle, as if to comfort her. Hoffman would say that Tyler is demonstrating
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Egocentric empathy
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Georgia feels sad whenever she sees homeless people. She worries that they are cold at night and may not have enough to eat. Hoffman would suggest that Georgia is exhibiting
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Empathy for another's life condition
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Describes egocentric empathy
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Child tries to fix other's problems
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Guilt, shame, and pride are all examples of which emotion?
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Moral
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According to Koenig, Cicchetti & Rogosch (2004), what is likely to happen to a child who does not have a warm trusting relationship with their parents?
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Risk of failure to develop moral emotions or of developing feelings that are too weak to influence their behavior
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Kyle and Tawnie are playing school. Kyle is pretending to be the teacher and Tawnie is pretending to be the student. Tawnie is well behaved as a "student" and answers questions appropriately when Kyle asks them. Tawnie's behavior is an example
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Role Scripts
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According to Freud, What plays a key role in children's development of a gender role concept and a sex role?
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Identification
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"The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex" defines
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Gender
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When 4-year-old Mariella thinks of activities, behaviors, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," she is using
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Gender Schema
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Gender schema theory grew out of which perspectives?
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Information processing
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Crystal labels boys and girls according to their hairstyle and the types of clothes they wear . Crystal has not yet developed
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Gender schema
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Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never (stay and never change) be a girl. This is an illustration of Deion's grasp of what principle?
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Gender constancy
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According to gender schema theory, What will be true of a 5- or 6-year-old child regarding gender roles?
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Absolute
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By what age does a child's gender identity develop?
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18 months - two years
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A child's ability to label his or her own sex correctly and to identify other people as men or women is called
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Gender identity
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If Matthew understands gender stability, what will he likely assume?
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That he will grow up and be a daddy
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What best summarizes the biological influence on the psychological differences between males and females?
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The presence or absence of testosterone prenatally has a strong influence on behavior.
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Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. What is a common gender stereotype for men?
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Competence
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Multicultural studies have found similar gender stereotypes across cultures. What is a common gender stereotype for women?
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Fixing Dinner & Soft-heartedness
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By what age have children figured out that gender is permanent?
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5 - 6 years
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Which is a style of communicating that usually involves girls using suggestions, support, and agreement between themselves?
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Enabling
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The constricting, or restrictive, pattern of interacting with playmates usually involves contradicting, boasting, or other types of
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self-display
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What is an accurate statement about cross-gender behavior in childhood?
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Peers want boys to act like boys & girls to act like girls
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Which terms is used to describe behavior that is not typical of one's own gender?
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Cross-gender behavior
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What is an accurate statement about the attachment relationships of children in early childhood?
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form better social relationships
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Give the best description of Bowlby's goal-corrected partnership
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The new level of attachment relationships that evolves around age 4
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Give an example of the typical pattern of parents' wishes for a two-year-old
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Parents say " don't touch that hot stove" & child doesn't back away
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Define the term parenting styles
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The characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children's behaviors
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Which of the dimensions of family functioning conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles?
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1. warmth & nurturance 2. clarity & consistency of rules 3. level of expectations (maturity demands) 4. communication b/w parent & child
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The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication is
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Permissive
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According to research, which parental characteristic is most consistently related to children's secure attachments, altruistic and empathetic behaviors, and school achievements?
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Authoritative
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Children with parents who have high maturity demands tend to exhibit which personality traits?
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Higher self-esteem
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Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of dimensions of parenting?
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acceptance
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Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes?
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Authoritative
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Six-year-old Harry asks his mother if he can stay up until 9 P.M. on Friday night to watch a special educational TV program. His mother says, "We'll try it this once to see how it goes." What is Harry's mother's parenting style?
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Authoritative
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Will rarely turns in his school work and does not seem concerned when he gets bad grades. His parents seem to love him and they give him pretty much whatever he asks for and believe that most parents are too strict. When he was in trouble at school, Will's parents minimized the teacher's concerns as silly and did not punish Will. Which parenting style would you say best describes Will's parents?
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Permissive
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Which parenting style is associated with the most socially competent children?
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Authoritative
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When a child misbehaves and the parent responds by sticking to their rules, but does not assert unnecessary power over the child, which parenting style is being used?
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Authoritative
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Which of the following might contribute to neglecting or uninvolved parenting?
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Parental depression or overwhelming stress
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Give an example of inductive discipline: Beverly's parents explained that she was being punished because it was _________ to take money from her mother's purse without permission
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wrong
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Children who have difficult temperaments and enjoy risk-taking will likely respond best to which type of discipline?
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firm
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What is a negative consequence of spanking as a form of discipline?
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modeling inflicting of pain to get what one wants which results in higher aggression
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Under which circumstances might spanking be used as effective punishment?
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To stop a behavior that might be harmful to the child
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In a study of how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles, researchers found that which parenting style was linked to positive outcomes for African American and Asian American adolescents?
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Authoritarian
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What is the most likely reason that African American and Asian American families use an authoritarian parenting style with their children?
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Authoritarian parenting is believed to help children succeed economically and enable sense of ethnic identity
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In the United States, approximately how many children live with both of their biological or adoptive parents?
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60%
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Your text reports that, as of the year 2010, what percentage of children in the United States were living in two-parent homes?
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70%
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What is the term sociologists use for the Native American tradition of viewing parenting as the responsibility of the child's entire family, including grandparents and aunts and uncles?
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Kin Orientation
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Give a statement regarding family structure and ethnicity regarding single parent families
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Single parent families are more common among African Americans and Native Americans than other groups.
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Children of gay or lesbian parents
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likely to be heterosexual
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What changes in children would one expect to see in the first few years after divorce?
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I decline in school performance and more aggressive and depressive behaviors.
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What is perhaps the most important factor that negatively affects children after a divorce?
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The shift away from an authoritative parenting style
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Justin borrowed a crayon from Jason. Both boys are coloring in separate coloring books. In what type of play are the boys engaging?
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Associative
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Give one reason a child might experience peer rejection
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no entry skills, use aggressive behavior
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If Sue wants an item or an activity, she will attack her parents with her fists until they laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants. Her parents' decision to give into Deidra's demands in this fashion
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Reinforces the aggression
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Which parental behaviors is linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behavior in their children?
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Creating a loving and warm family environment
