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Sociological perspective(or imagination)

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- seeing the general in the particular is a way of looking at things that are different, step away from the life you in, look at it from outside point of view - Easiest used in times of crisis, easiest for marginalized individuals. Helps us to see general patterns in behavior, see the strange in that familiar, see how society guides our actions and thoughts, see the effects of society on person choice.

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Sociology is the systematic study of human society. At the heart of the discipline is a distinctive point of view called the "sociological perspective," which involves a special kind of "vision" A. Seeing the general in the particular The sociological perspective helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals. B. Seeing the strange in the familiar This perspective also encourages us to realize that society guides our thoughts and deeds. C. Seeing society in our everyday choices Emile Durkheim's research showed that the suicide rate was strongly influenced by the extent to which people were socially integrated with others. D. Seeing sociologically: marginality and crisis The greater people's social marginality, the better able they are to use the sociological perspective. Just as social change encourages sociological thinking, sociological thinking can bring about social change.

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1. Define sociology and examine the components of the sociological perspective(or imagination)

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A theory is a statement of how and why specific facts are related. The goal of sociological theory is to explain social behavior in the real world. Theories are based ontheoretical approaches, or basic images of society that guides thinking and research. Sociologists ask two basic questions: "What issues should we study?", and "How should we connect the facts?" There are three major sociological approaches

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Discuss the importance of theory in sociology.

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structural-functional approach - The influence of this approach has declined in recent decades. It focuses on stability, ignoring inequalities of social class, race, and gender.

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Summarize the main assumptions of the three major theoretical approaches in sociology.

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Sociological perspective

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factors such as our sex, age, race, and social class guide our selection of a partner

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Emile Durkheim (within france, england, denmark)

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Suicide study -men, prostestants, wealthy people, and unmarried had much higher suicide rates than women, catholics and jews, and the poor, and married people

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emile durkheim

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suicide was a solitary act, the causes had significant links to various social factors social factors that influence suicide rates 1. cohesiveness 2. a persons standing 3. religious, social and occupation standings

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*Integration Durkheims research Religion protestants are more than catolic and jews Marriage unmarried rates are higher military higher than civilians( times of peace are more than war) economy (recession are high suicide rates) wealth are morer likely to kill themselves. guys will kill themselves. white will kill them selves before african americans

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the level in which a person feels connected to or accepted by a group or society.

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ethnography

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type of qualitative research design aimed at studying cultures and groups from a unique perspective. literally means 'writing about people groups' observation of groups in a natural setting, observation are main form of collection, interviews can be used to clarify assumes a role where he or she knows very little.

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open access

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researcher does not need permission to collect data and observe the population ex concerts public places

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closed access

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the researcher needs permission and introductions from the 'gatekeeper' of the population. ex hospitals schools and corporations.

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overt research

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will the researcher inform the participants of their study and be transparent about the research.

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covert research

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will the researcher not inform the participants

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Two situations help people see clearly

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Margins of society and living through a social crisis

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Global perspective

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the study of the larger world and society's place in it.

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High-income countries Middle income countries low income countries (Global perspective)

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worlds 195 nations can be divided into three broad categories according to their level of economic development (incomes)

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High income countries

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the nations with the highest overall standards of living

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Middle-income countries

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nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole

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low-income countries

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nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor

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Global Perspective (global stratification)

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1. Where we live shapes the lives we lead 2. Societies through the the world are increasingly interconnected 3. What happens in the rest of the world affects life here in the United States. 4. Many social problems that we face in the United States are far more serious elsewhere 5. Thinking globally helps us learn more about ourselves.

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Sociology and Personal Growth

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1. The sociological perspective helps assess the truth of common sense 2. The sociological perspective helps us see the opportunities and constraints in our lives 3. the sociological perspective empowers us to be active participants in our society. 4. The sociological perspective helps us live in a diverse world

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Three major social changes during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are important to the development of sociology:

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1. The rise of industrial technology 2. The growth of cities 3. Political change, including a rising concern with individual liberty and rights (e.g., the French revolution) B. Science and Sociology Auguste Comte believed that the major goal of sociology was to understand society as it actually operates. Comte saw sociology as the product of a threestage historical development: 1. The theological stage, in which thought was guided by religion 2. The metaphysical stage, a transitional phase 3. The scientific stage The scientific stage would be guided by positivism: a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation.

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Auguste Comte

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coined the term sociology in 1838.

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comte's three stages of historical development

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were theological stage, metaphyscial stage, and scientific stage.

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theological stage

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the church in the middle ages society society expressed gods will

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metaphysical stage

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the Enlightenment and the ideas of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau natural rather then super phenomenon

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scientific stage

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the study of society modern physics, chemistry, sociology

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Positivism

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a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation. based on science.

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Rapid Social Change

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helped trigger the development of sociology rise of an industrial economy explosive growth in cities new political ideas

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Theory (Sociological Theory)

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a statement of how and why specific facts are related

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Theoretical approach

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basic image of society that guides thinking and research

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structural-functional approach social-conflict approach symbolic interaction approach

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3 theoretical approaches

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Structural-functional approach (Comte) (theoretical approach)

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framework for building theory that sees society a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability , points to social structure ex. sports.... recreation and getting in shape.

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Social structure

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any relatively stable pattern of social behavior ex. lives shape in families, workplace, classroom

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Social function

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the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole. ex. social patterns, handshake, function to tie people together

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Manifest functions (Social function, Robert Merton)

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the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern ex. obvious function of this country's system of higher education is to give young people the information and skills they will need to hold jobs after graduation

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Latent function (Social function, Robert Merton)

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unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern. ex. encourage competition, which is central to our society way of life ex. just as important but not often acknowledged , is bringing together young people of similar social backgrounds ex. limit unemployment by keeping millions of people out of the labor market, where many of them might not easily find jobs.

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Social dysfunction

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any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society. ex. globalization of the economy, a rising flow of immigrants, and increasing ineqality of income are all factors that in eyes of some people--disrupt existing social patterns

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Social-conflict approach (theoretical approach)

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framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. look at dominant and disadvantaged people categories of people - the rich to poor, white people in relation to color, men in relation to women ex. sports... ex. rejects social structure that promotes the operation of society as a whole, focus's instead on how any social pattern benefits some people while hurting others.

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Gender-Conflict Theory (OR also called Feminist theory)

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the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men makes you aware of many ways in which society places men in positions of power over women, in the home (men head of household, and in the work place (where men earn more income and hold most positions of power) (closely linked to feminism)

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Feminism

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support of social equality for women and men.

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Harriet Martineau

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regarded as the first women sociologist translated Comte's writings from french to english

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Jane Addams

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sociological pioneer who helped found hull house, provided assistance to immigrant families

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Race-conflict theory

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the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories.

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Ida Wells Barnett

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born to slave parents to become a teacher and then a journalist campaigned tirelessly got racial equality through out her life

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William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

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spoke out against racial inequality and founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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Macro Level Orientation (The Symbolic Interaction Approach)

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a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole. takes a look at the big picture, looking at the city from a helicopter

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Structural-functional approach (Comte) (Macro level orientation)

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framework for building theory that sees society a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability , points to social structure

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Social conflict approach (Macro level orientation)

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framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. look at dominant and disadvantaged people categories of people - the rich to poor, white people in relation to color, men in relation to women ex. rejects social structure that promotes the operation of society as a whole, focus's instead on how any social pattern benefits some people while hurting others.

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Micro Level Orientation (The Symbolic Interaction Approach)

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a close up focus on social interaction in specific situations ex. passing by homeless people on the street, watching kids invent games on the playground

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Symbolic-Interaction approach (Micro Level orientation)

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a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.

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positivist, interpretive, and critical sociology

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three ways to do sociological research?

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positivist sociology

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the study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior scientific method

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science

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positivist research discovers facts through the use of _____

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science

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a logical system that develops knowledge from direct, systematic obversation is called?

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empirical sociology

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positivist sociology is sometimes called

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empirical evidence

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information we can verify with our senses

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concept

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mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form such as family, the economy, and categorize gender social class

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variable

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whose value changes from case to case ex. height varies from person to person

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measurement

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procedure determining the value of a variable in a specific case

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operationalize a variable

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specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable.

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descriptive statistics

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for statistics, sociologist use ______ statistics to state the average for a large population, including mean and median and mode.

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Reliability

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consistency in measurement same measurement every time (reliable)

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reliability

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2 types of this are the results reliable across time the results are reliable across samples/experimenters

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validity

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internal validity

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internal validity

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making sure that the cause and effect relationship identified in the study is really there and there are no other explanations for the result that you be sure that any conclusions you make from the results of the study are true and correct. cause and effect

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external validity

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the results you get from the sample of participants in your study are true of people outside of the experiment as well.

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ecological validity

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results have meaning in the real lives of everyday people

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validity

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but consistency do not guarantee ____

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validity

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suring exactly what you intend to measure hitting the target on the bulls eye

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correlation

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a relationship in which two (or more) variables change together.

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cause and effect

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a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another.

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independent

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variable that causes the change is called _____ variable allows scientist to predict patterns

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dependent

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variable that changes (the effect) as dependent variable

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Spurious Correlation

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apparent but false relationship between two (or more) variable that is caused by some other variable. 1. variables are correlated 2. the independent (causal) variable occurs before the dependent variable, and 3. there is no evidence that a third variable has been overlooked, causing a spurious correlation.

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Objectivity (The idea of Objectivity)

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personal neutrality in conducting research v allows facts to speak for themselves and not be influenced, researchers should try to be value free (Max Weber)

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three research orientations in sociology

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Positivist, Interpretive, Critical are what?

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Interpretive Sociology (Max Weber)

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the study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world. interpretion so we understand the way society works focuses on understanding of their actions of their actions and their surroundings. key to interpretive sociology is Verstehen (understanding)

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Critical sociology

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the study of society that focuses on the need for social change. does not ignore facts, rejects weber's point of view (should)

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Karl Marx

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founded Critical orientation (critical sociology)pr

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Positivist Sociology

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What is reality? Society is an orderly system. There is an objective reality "out there"

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Interpretive Sociology

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What is reality? Society is ongoing interaction. People construct reality as they attach meanings to their behavior.

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Critical Sociology

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What is reality? Society is patterns of inequality. Reality is that some categories of people dominate others.

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Positivist Sociology

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How do we conduct research? Using a scientific orientation, the researcher carefully observes behavior, gathering empirical, ideally quantitative, data researcher tries to be a neutral observer

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Structural-functional approach

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Positivist Sociology is what type of theoretical approach?

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Interpretive sociology

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How do we conduct research? Seeking to look "deeper" than outward behavior, the researcher focuses on subjective meaning. The researcher focuses on subjective meaning. The researcher gathers qualitative data, discovering the subjective sense people make of their world. Researcher is a participant

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Symbolic-Interaction approach

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Interpretive Sociology is most like what type of theoretical approach

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Critical Sociology

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How do we conduct research Seeking to go beyond positivism's focus on studying the world as it is, the researcher is guided by politics and uses research as a strategy to bring about desired social change. Researcher is an activist

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Social conflict approach

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Critical sociology is what type of a theoretical approach?

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Margrit Eichler

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_______(name) identifies five ways in which gender can shape research

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5 fives gender can shape research

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1. Androcentricity - focus on the male (white specifically) 2. Overgeneralizing 3. Gender blindness 4. Double standards 5. Interference - gender in the way

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American Sociological Association (ASA)

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is the major professional association of sociologist in North America

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Research method

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is a systematic plan for doing research experiments, surveys, participant observation and the use of existing data

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Experiment

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research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.

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Experiments

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Strengths: cause and effect, replication Weaknesses: Artificial setting, may be biased ethical issues hawthorne effect

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hypothesis

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statement of a possible relationship between two (or more) variables

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Hawthorne Effect

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when people act different during experiment

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Phillip Zimbardo (experiment

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Stanford Country Prison testing hypothesis: the experiment

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Survey

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research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview. most widely used research method, targets population

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Lois Benjamin (survey/interview mainly)

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interviewed subjects dealing with racism (african americans)

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Participant observation

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is a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities. study everyday life in a natural setting, from night clubs to religious churchs

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Joseph Ewoodzie

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studied about homeless people through participant observation, meaning he joined them and learned more about their life in Jackson, Mississippi

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research methods

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Experiment Survey Participant Observation Use of existing sources - researcher uses data already collected from others.

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quantitative research

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based on numerical data which can be analyzed using statistics. focuses on : what, where, when, how often, how long. disadvantages: cant explain why, tell why they just do things can't always be described, can be bias

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quatitative research also called descriptive research

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based on data that cannot be measured or counted v can be collected and interpreted through observation describes social occurrances sy focuses on why and how, collected by researcher himself

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Experiment starting research methods

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Application: for explanatory research that specifies relationships between variables. Generates quantitative data

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Advantages of Experiment method--

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Provides the greatest opportunity to specify cause-and-effect relationships Replication of research is relatively easy

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Limitations of Experiment method

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Laboratory settings have an artificial quality Unless the research environment is carefully, results may be biased

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Survey

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Applications: For gathering information about issues that cannot be directly observed, such as attitudes and values Useful for descriptive and explanatory research Generates quantitative(usually) or qualitative data

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Rules for Surveys

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must be comprehensive - including other for example, make sure everybody can be included must be mutually exclusive - only one spot can fall in, not multiple categories

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Problems in Surveys

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Double barrel questions: ask more then one question at once? there could be two answers so split them into separate questions biased questions - try not to push/sway the reader into your direction. Clarity - make sure your questions are very specific

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Survey

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Advantages: Sampling, using questionnaires, allows surveys of large populations. Interviews provide in-depth responses

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Survey

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Limitations: Questionnaires must be carefully prepared and may yield a low return rate Interviews are expensive and time-consuming

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A Likert scale question:

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sliding options/scale, gives you multiple options, ex. doctors Q: On a scale of 1-5, with 1 being never and 5 being always, how often do you wash your hands after taking the trash out. A: 5

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A dichotomous question

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: two answer options, di meaning two, Do like the color blue? Yes____ No x

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A category question:

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where you belong, use this for sensitive or threatening questions such age/weight Q: What age do you fall under? X 18-30 ____31-45 ____46-59 ____60+

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Participant Observation

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For exploratory and descriptive study of people in a natural setting Generates qualitative data

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Participant Observation

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Advantages: Allows study of natural behavior Usually inexpensive

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Participant observation

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Limitations: Time consuming Replication of research is difficult Researcher must balance roles of participant and observer

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Existing resources

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For exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory research whenever suitable data are available

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Existing Resources

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Advantages: Saves time and expensive of data collection Makes historical research possible

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Existing Resources

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Limitations: Researcher has no control over possible biases in data Data may only partially fit current research data

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ethics

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fair minded in their work cause no harm protect privacy informed consent report all sources of editing report to the IRB

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Stereotype

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a simplified description applied to every person in some category

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Chapter 2

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chapter 2

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Culture 2 types of culture next

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the way of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects, that together form a people's way of life the language, norms, values, beliefs, and more that, together, form a peoples way of life

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Non-Material culture

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is the ideas created by members of society, ideas that range from art of Zen. creations and abstract ideas that are not embodied in physical objects examples: social, roles, ethics, and beliefs.

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Material culture

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is the physical things created by members of a society, from armchairs to zippers for example

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ideal culture

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includes the values and norms that a culture claims to have

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real culture

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includes the values and norms that are actually followed by a culture

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make up individual cultures

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symbols, languages, values, norms

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nation

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a territory with designed borders can be found on a map

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society

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a population in which people interact and share common interests

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a way of life human trait product of evolution

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culture is?

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Culture Shock

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personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.

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humans

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only___ rely on culture rather than instinct to create a way of life and ensure or survival.

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Society

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people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture

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4.5 billion

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how planet is ______ billion years old

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Culture and society

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382 lanaguages spoken in this country 7000 lanaguages spoken globally but half will probably go out within a decade or so.

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Symbol

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is anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture ex: graffiti, red light, raised fist, a cross, american flag

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Helen Keller

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was blind and deaf, became a famous educator

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Language

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system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

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cultural transmission

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process by which one generation passes culture to the next

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Sapir-Whorf thesis

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people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language. HOWEVER, later in the text it describes that this is not true because people usually know what family is before ever understanding the word.

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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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-our language influences our thinking -no word it does not exist/cannot be understood -many words lends to importance problems: ignores logic and reasoning and the influence of technology and mass communication.

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values

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culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. Values are broad principles that support beliefscu

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beliefs

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specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true

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Robin williams jr

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10 values are wide spread in the United States, central way of life.

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Norms

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rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. determined what we use to act normal

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William Graham Sumner

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coined the term mores

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Mores

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norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance such as taboos, adults engage in sexual relations with children

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Folkways

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norms for routine or casual interaction. examples include ideas bout appropriate greetings and proper dress. most distinguish between right and wrong (mores), between right and rude

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social control

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attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behaviors

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technology

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knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings

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Gerhard Lenski

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argued that society's level of technology is crucial in determining what cultural ideas and artifacts emerge are even possible

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sociocultural evolution

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historical changes in culture brought about by new technology, which unfolds by hunting and gathering horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture and industry

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hunting and gathering

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the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food

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Horticulture

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the use of hand tools to raise crops, appeared around 10,000 years ago

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pastoralism

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the domestication of animals

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agriculture

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large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources

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industry

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the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

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Postindustrialism

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the production of information using computer technology computers and other electronic devices that process,store and apply ideas and information

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high culture

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cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite available to elite

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popular culture

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cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population. available to average people

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subculture

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cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population, beach crowds, elvis impersonators unique culture shared by a smaller group of people who are also a part of a larger culture ex. people who ride chopper motocycles, yankees,

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Multiculturalism

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perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions the view that cultural differences should be respected and celebrated

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Eurocentrism

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the dominance of European (especially English)

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Afrocentrism

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emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns

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Counterculture

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cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society. a type of subculture which strongly opposes one or more elements of the dominant culture

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culture integration

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the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system.

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William Ogburn

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observed that technology moves quickly, generating new elements of material culture (things) faster than nonmaterial culture(ideas)

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culture lag

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the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural sysstem.

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invention discovery diffusion

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causes of cultural change

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ethnocentrism

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practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture the tendency to assume that one's own culture is good, while that of another is strange or even immortalst

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cultural relativism

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practice of judging a culture by its own standards the practice of understanding and judging a culture from the view point of that culture instead of one's own

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flow of goods, flow of information, and the flow of people

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people are in more contact than ever before because of

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cultural universals (George Murdock)

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traits that are part of every known culture such as family, funerals

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structural-functional theory (macro level)

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culture functions as the structure in society that exists to meet human needs what is culture? culture is a system of behavior by which members of societies cooperate to meet their needs what is the foundation of culture? cultural patterns are rooted in a society's core values and beliefs What are the core questions does the approach ask? --How does a cultural pattern help society operate? --What cultural patterns are found in all societies.

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social conflict and feminist theories (macro level) materialism

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social conflict - cultural traits always benefit some members of a society more than others. inequality what is culture? culture is a system that benefits some people and disadvantages others what is the foundation of culture? Marx claimed that cultural patterns are rooted in a society's system of economic production --Feminist theory says cultural conflict is rooted in gender What are the core questions does the approach ask? --How does a cultural pattern benefit some people and harm others? --How does a cultural pattern support social inequality

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Sociobiology Theory (macro-level)

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culture is not only socially constructed also affected by human biology what is culture? is a system of behavior that is partly shaped by human biology what is the foundation of culture? Cultural patterns are rooted in humanity's biological evolution. What are the core questions does the approach ask? --How does a cultural pattern help a species adapt to its environment

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Sociobiology

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a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture Charles Darwin in the On the Origin of Species

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b. experiencing many social changes.

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We would expect the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a place that was

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c. lower social integration.

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According to Emile Durkheim, categories of people with a higher suicide rate typically have

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personal problems into public issues.

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C. Wright Mills claimed that the "sociological imagination" transformed

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a. gather data or facts.

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To evaluate a theory using evidence, sociologists

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a spurious correlation.

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An apparent, although false, association between two variables that is caused by a third variable is called

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Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim Correct

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Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology's structural-functional approach.

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high-income nations

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The United States falls within which category of the world's nations?

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white males

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In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following?

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the experiment

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Which sociological research method is most likely to produce quantitative data that will identify cause-and-effect relationships?

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b. more serious in poorer countries.

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Social problems in the United States, such as poverty and gender inequality, are

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most patterns of behavior are caused by many factors.

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It is difficult to establish all the cause-and-effect relationships in a social situation because

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the rise of the industrial economy and growth of cities.

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Among the historical changes that stimulated the development of sociology as a discipline was

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structural-functional approach.

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The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the

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Jane Addams

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Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?

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theological stage

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Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of historical development?

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the race-conflict approach

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Which theoretical approach would highlight the fact that, on average, African American families have less income than white families?

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manifest functions

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The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as

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one or more theoretical approaches.

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In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by

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b. higher in rural areas.

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Because there is more social isolation in rural areas of the United States than in urban areas, we would expect suicide rates to be

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focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior

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Interpretive sociology refers to sociology that

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a. goods

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The flow of _______ from country to country adds to the creation of a global culture. Select one:

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a. gender inequality.

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A feminist theoretical analysis of language in the U.S. suggests that cultural patterns support Select one:

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b. William Graham Sumner

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The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was

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c. culture

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What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people?

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c. as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves.

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Culture is a source of human freedom because Select one:

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a. the plow, animal power, and the development of metals.

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Agrarian technology developed based on the use of Select one:

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c. a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions.

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Multiculturalism is defined as

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a. a cultural universal.

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Telling jokes is an example of

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c. change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others.

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Cultural integration refers to the fact that

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d. subcultural

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Harley Davidson motorcycle riders, computer programmers, and jazz musicians all display _____ patterns.

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c. the forces of nature, including storms and droughts.

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A great danger to hunting and gathering societies is

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a. Southwest.

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The region of the United States where the largest percentage of people speak a language other than English at home is the

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a. ethnocentrism.

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A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying

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changes that occur as a society acquires new technology.

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According to Lenski, the term "sociocultural evolution" refers to

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c. people creating diverse cultural systems.

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Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere is

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a. technology

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According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society?

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c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another.

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Cultural transmission refers to the process of

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b. cultural relativism.

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The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called

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c. sanctions.

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Elements of social control in everyday life include shame, guilt, and

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