Developmental Psych exam 2 online q – Flashcards
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_____ perception is the combining of information from two or more sensory systems. Intermodal Intrasensory Multichannel Extrasensory
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intermodal
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When stroked on the cheek near their mouth, infants exhibit the _____ reflex.
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rooting
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According to the text, _____ is a potent source of infants' learning. classical conditioning observation habituation instrumental conditioning
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observation
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_____ conducted studies to determine whether infants had a notion of the laws of gravity.
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Baillargeon
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Perception is to sensation as _____ is to _____. detecting sensory information; making sense of sensory information hearing; seeing making sense of sensory information; detecting sensory information smelling; tasting
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making sense of sensory information; detecting sensory information
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According to the text's discussion of picture perception, which of the following is FALSE? Infants as young as 5 months old can recognize people and objects in photographs and drawings of them. Most 9-month-old babies are able to perceive the two-dimensionality of pictures. A toddler who has been raised with no exposure to pictures of any kind can identify people in and objects in photographs and illustrations. Even newborns can recognize two-dimensional versions of three-dimensional objects.
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Most 9-month-old babies are able to perceive the two-dimensionality of pictures.
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Two-week-old Dion turns more often and spends more time oriented to a pad infused with his mother's milk than a pad infused with another woman's milk. This is because _____ plays a powerful role in how young infants learn to recognize their mothers.
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smell
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According to the text, an infant from _____ is MOST likely to achieve early locomotion. urban China the rain forest of Paraguay North America rural Kenya
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rural kenya
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In instrumental conditioning: existing behaviors come to be elicited by new stimuli. an unconditioned stimulus invariably causes an unconditioned response. either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus may cause a conditional response. behaviors are shaped by their consequences.
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behaviors are shaped by their consequences.
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The violation-of-expectancy technique was used in studies by _____ in which infants looked longer at a screen that rotated 180 degrees than at a screen that rotated up and stopped at the top of a box. Renée Baillargeon Amanda Woodward Karen Wynn Esther Thelen
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Baillargeon
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Perception refers to the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a: sound. sight. sensatxion. feeling.
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sensation
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Two-day-old Noni turns her head to the sound of her father's voice, but she does not seem to understand exactly where his voice is coming from. Like all newborns and young infants, Noni's capacity for _____ is not fully developed. optical expansion object segregation conduction auditory localization
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auditory localization
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Being able to reach only toward the general vicinity of an object is called _____.
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prereaching
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One-year-old Caroline has learned that a cup of milk can be spilled. This shows she has discovered: differentiation. affordances. social referencing. habituation.
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affordance
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Five-month-old Jesse is contentedly exploring his stuffed animal toy when the power suddenly goes out in his house, plunging his bedroom into darkness. Jesse reaches to where he last saw the stuffed animal toy. This demonstrates that Jesse can mentally _____ the toy that has vanished from his sight.
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represent
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Perception is the mental processing of sensory information when the brain _____ a sensation. imagines detects remembers interprets
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interprets
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Dr. Tyson is studying infants' preferences for smells. He notices that two-week-old Yazmine turns more often and spends more time oriented to a pad infused with her mother's milk than a pad infused with another woman's milk. Dr. Tyson concludes that Yazmine: prefers her own mother's scent to that of the other woman. cannot distinguish between the scent of her mother and the scent of another woman. can distinguish between the scent of her mother and the scent of the other woman but does not show a preference. prefers the scent of the other woman to that of her mother.
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prefers her own mother's scent to that of the other woman.
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According to the text, unusually weak or unusually strong _____ may indicate brain damage.
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Reflexes
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Three-month-old Hector associates the sight of his bottle with the taste of his milk. This is an example of _____ learning.
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perceptual
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Maria puts 5-month-old Jacob in his crib and then leaves the room. According to Jean Piaget, Jacob: is only thinking about how to get his mother to return to his room. is mentally representing his mother. fails to comprehend that his mother still exists. understands his mother still exists but cannot remember what she looks like.
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fails to comprehend that his mother still exists.
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_____ refers to the perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, color, etc., in spite of physical differences in the retinal image of an object. Contrast sensitivity Visual acuity Perceptual constancy Object segregation
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perceptual constancy
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Whenever 2-month-old Izzy is awake, she is putting her fingers, toes, and virtually any object she can get her hands on in her mouth. This is because infants younger than 4 months of age learn about their environment primarily through _____ exploration. oral manual smell self-locomotive
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oral
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Mothers in western Africa and the Caribbean institute an aggressive program of massage, manipulation, and stimulation to facilitate their infants' _____ development.
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motor
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Three-month-old Xavier puts everything in his mouth. This is because infants younger than 4 months of age learn about their environment primarily through _____ exploration.
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oral
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Two-month-old Maggie smiles indiscriminately at everyone she sees and puts everything she can grasp in her mouth. The reason she is NOT more selective is because: perception precedes sensation. cognition precedes sensation. cognition precedes perception. sensation precedes perception.
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sensation precedes perception
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Dr. Torrini is studying the visual attention of a 1-month-old boy. He displays two different patterns on side-by-side screens. Because the baby looks longer at one of the patterns, Dr. Torrini infers that the baby can indeed discriminate between the two patterns. Dr. Torrini is practicing the _____ technique.
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preferential-looking
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Dr. Tyson is studying infants' preferences for smells. He notices that two-week-old Yazmine turns more often and spends more time oriented to a pad infused with her mother's milk than a pad infused with another woman's milk. Dr. Tyson concludes that Yazmine: cannot distinguish between the scent of her mother and the scent of another woman. prefers her own mother's scent to that of the other woman. can distinguish between the scent of her mother and the scent of the other woman but does not show a preference. prefers the scent of the other woman to that of her mother.
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prefers her own mother's scent to that of the other woman
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Malala strokes the cheek of her newborn daughter and the baby turns her head in the direction of Malala's touch and opens her mouth. This is an example of the _____ reflex. grasping rooting tonic neck sucking
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rooting
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Chao-xing lives in urban China. Chao-xing's mother places her on a bed and surrounds her with thick pillows so she cannot crawl on the floor. Chao-xing will MOST likely _____ as a result of this cultural practice. crawl sooner than western African infants toilet-train later than western African infants walk sooner than western African infants walk later than western African infants
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walk later than western African infants
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Baby Cade's sucking reflex has _____ value, whereas his tonic neck reflex is not known to be associated with any benefit.
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adaptive
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Dr. Torrini is studying the visual attention of a 1-month-old boy. He displays two different patterns on side-by-side screens. Because the baby looks longer at one of the patterns, Dr. Torrini infers that the baby can indeed discriminate between the two patterns. Dr. Torrini is practicing the _____ technique.
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preferential-looking
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Naya is 4 weeks old and prefers to look at her black-and-white checkerboard mobile rather than the colorful decal on the wall near her crib. This is because Naya has poor: object segregation. perceptual constancy. contrast sensitivity. binocular disparity.
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contrast sensitivity
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_____ development refers to the acquisition of knowledge about the sound system of a language. Phonological Semantic Pragmatic Syntactic
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Phonological
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_____ primarily refer to descriptions of past events that have the form of a story.
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narrative
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A hard-wired set of principles and rules that govern grammar in all languages is referred to as: Universal Grammar. telegraphic speech. pragmatics. semantics.
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Universal Grammar
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Because humans possess _____, a person can form a sentence that no other person has ever said before. metalinguistic knowledge comprehension generativity production
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generativity
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Infants are capable of _____ perception even for speech sounds they have never heard before. This indicates that the phenomenon is innate and experience independent
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categorical
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According to B. F. Skinner, infant communication progresses because of speech ____
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reinforcement
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Because human language has _____, a person can form a sentence that no other person has ever said before.
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generativity
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A child who thinks the word "bunny" does not mean "rabbit" but instead means "a soft, fluffy tail" has difficulty with: overextension. reference. dual representation. generativity.
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reference
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Amalia's 17-month-old son has an extensive vocabulary and can create both two- and three-word combinations. The _____ view of language would suggest that Amalia repeated words and reinforced her son's attempts at language. behaviorist innate classical social pragmatic
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behaviorist
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Unlike his 3-year-old son, Cecil understands that all languages have words and that sentences are made up of words. Cecil possesses _____ knowledge, whereas his 3-year-old son does not.
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metalinguistic
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Infants are capable of _____ even for speech sounds they have never heard before. This indicates that the phenomenon is innate and not dependent on experience. language comprehension metalinguistic knowledge dual representation categorical perception
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categorical perception
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Suja has a 3-year-old daughter with a vast vocabulary and the ability to converse in elaborate sentences. The view of language development proposed by _____ would suggest that Suja taught her daughter language throughout her infancy.
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Skinner
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Jonica understands that she must say, "Please pass the peas," and not, "Peas the pass please." Jonica has attained an understanding of: syntax. phonology. semantics. pragmatics.
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syntax
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The grouping of objects that have similar appearances is called perceptual _____.
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categorization
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Theory of _____ refers to how a basic understanding of how mental processes such as intentions, desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior.
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mind
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_____ propose that infants possess an innate causal module or core theory that allows them to extract causal relations from the events they observe. Nativists Behaviorists Empiricists Psychoanalysts
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Nativists
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_____ hypothesized that infants possess only a general, undifferentiated concept of magnitude and lack specific concepts of space, number, and time.
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Piaget
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According to Henry Wellman and Susan Gelman, which is NOT an informal theory into which children organize their observations of various categories of objects? theory of biology theory of mind theory of psychology theory of physics
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theory of the mind
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The notion that children have a specialized _____ is supported by brain maturation over a child's first 5 years, and by the difficulties that children with autism spectrum disorder have understanding other people. theory of mind module (TOMM) event-related potential (ERP) voice onset time (VOT) Universal Grammar
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theory of mind module (TOMM)
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Five-year-olds: can use landmarks to find hidden objects when there are many possible landmarks, but when one landmark is located right next to the hidden object. can use landmarks to find hidden objects even when there are multiple landmarks that are not adjacent to the hidden object. are unable to use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects. can use landmarks to code the locations of hidden objects when there is only a single landmark and it is very close to the hidden object.
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can use landmarks to find hidden objects even when there are multiple landmarks that are not adjacent to the hidden object.
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Six-month-olds can detect repetitive _____ of events.
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sequences
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_____ help people make sense of the world by simplifying it and allowing them to use prior experience to interpret new situations.
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concepts
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Three-year-old Shailene is shown a crayon box and then is shown that it contains pennies. If she is asked what she thought the box contained before she saw its contents, Shailene will MOST likely say she had believed it contained: candy. crayons. quarters. pennies.
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pennies
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Dr. Macaulay believes that infants have an innate ability to extract causal relations from the events they observe. Dr. Macaulay is MOST likely a(n):
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natavist
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Which of the following statements about children's development of the understanding of time is NOT true? They can reason about the future before they can reason about the present. They can reason about the past before they can reason about the future. They can reason about the present before they can reason about the past. They can reason about recent past events before they can reason about events that occurred far in the past.
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They can reason about the future before they can reason about the present.
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Which of the following is an example of a category hierarchy? people/Grandma/Granddad reptiles/snakes/living things works of art/inanimate objects/statue animals/mammals/lions
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animals/mammals/lions
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Four-year-old Lucy is using the sieve from her sandbox like a plate and pretending to eat from it. Lucy is engaging in: object substitution. perceptual categorization. object permanence. pretend play.
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object subsitution
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Infants use _____ to locate an object, even when their own positions have changed. object substitution naïve psychology perceptual categorization egocentric spatial representation
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egocentric spatial representation
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A perceptual process by which adults and children can look at between one and three or four objects and know almost immediately how many objects are present is called: object substitution. perceptual categorization. numerical equality. subitizing.
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subitizing
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In the category hierarchy "machine/computer/laptop," "laptop" is at the _____ level.
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subordinate
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In the "furniture/chair/La-Z-Boy" hierarchy, a child will most likely learn the _____ first.
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chair
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When a child takes apart his toy to see how it works, he or she is trying to understand _____.
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causality
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Raymond is making his toy action figures act out a dramatic conflict. Raymond is engaging in _____ play.
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sociodramatic
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Kara wants to play with her neighbor, but he is not at home. She will apply _____ psychology as she thinks about where her neighbor is or when he might return.
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naive
