question

The idea that gender is a something one "does" or performs signifies that:

answer

How we enact gender norms is central to our identity

question

Researchers have noted that pressure from parents that encourages early conformity to emphasized femininity / masculinity may:

answer

all of the above (encourage kids to develop rigid ideas about gender "appropriate" behavior; encourage kids to unfairly police others with violence and hurtful language; place kids at risk for early sexualization, sports injury, etc.)

question

How do mothers "teach" their children heteronormativity when discussing "falling in love" with their children?

answer

By discussing falling in love in exclusively heterosexual terms

question

__________ theory suggests that sexuality is best seen as a transaction or trade, and that relationships are only stable so long as people feel they are getting a fair deal. Critics of this perspective point out that this perspective ignores the role of love, emotion, and sacrifice from romantic and sexual relationships.

answer

Exchange

question

What are some factors that may account for the fact that the adolescent girls in this group were not "quiet" or "willing targets" of their mentors' attempts to "train" them in particular ways of understanding sexuality?

answer

All of the above (The predominantly Black and working-class girls' incredulity and resistance to oversimplified and victim-centered discourse of female sexuality; Adolescent girls' loss of voice as a phenomenon of the White middle class; Girls' attempts to insert their own issues and interests into the discussion; Girls interjections of notions of agency and subjectivity by challenging the program's reliance on gendered presumptions of female passivity and victimhood)

question

Our orientation to the class offered the following "take home" point:

answer

No single theory is appropriate for addressing complex phenomena. Theories are constantly offered, challenged, revised, and rejected.

question

How is the concept of the "naturalization" of gender differences used and to what ends (in academic work on gender)?

answer

*WRONG ANSWER* An important part of the self-help movement that shows that gender differences are normal, natural, and to be expected, that conflict arises out of the mistaken assumption that such differences can and should be changed, a set of exercises meant to help individuals come to terms with their inner essence.

question

Which of the following characterizes the attitude toward adolescent sexuality found in the feminist mentorship program observed by Amanda E. Lewis and Laina Y. Bay-Cheng in the article "Our 'Ideal Girl': Prescriptions of Female Adolescent Sexuality in a Feminist Mentorship Program"?

answer

*WRONG ANSWER* Many mentors and the program director appeared to have clear ideas about what is not appropriate in terms of action and appearance, and they explained their reasoning and specified what is appropriate

question

Which of the following canNOT be characterized as a "normative and regulatory discourse of adolescent female sexuality"?

answer

Deconstructing the objectification of girls' bodies

question

In the social sciences, scholars tend to acknowledge that while gender-based differences do exist, those differences are socially prescribed, and that these differences literally become ______________, or inscribed upon the body, changing the ways that one's own body, and all other bodies, are experienced and thought of in everyday life.

answer

embodied

question

Girls must balance among several competing and sometimes contradictory demands of discourse, at the intersection of sexuality, adolescence, gender and race.

answer

True

question

________ refers to the mundane, everyday ways that heterosexuality is privileged and taken for granted as normal and natural:

answer

Heteronormativity

question

Drive-reduction theories of sexuality and the belief that adolescents are generally deficient in self-control and responsibility influence perspectives on adolescent sexuality that are narrowly focused on its risks and problems.

answer

True

question

How did race play a part in the development of the feminist mentorship program that was observed in "Our 'Ideal' Girl"?

answer

White program directors and mentors overlooked race as a topic of discussion, committing a fundamental error of White privilege by presuming their concerns reflected those of all women

question

In "Normalizing Heterosexuality: Mothers' Assumptions, Talk, and Strategies with Young Children," what are some ways Karin A. Martin gauges the effects of heteronormativity on the ways mothers interpret their children's behavior?

answer

All of the above (Mothers using adult meanings to understand children's behavior; Mothers interpreting their daughters' male peers as "boyfriends" instead of "friends"; Mothers understanding their daughters' interest in having a husband at age 3 as predictive rather than as pretend play)

question

Sexual scripting theory suggests that humans have scripts for sexual behavior that tell us who to be attracted to, how to behave sexually, and how to feel about our sexual experiences. The three levels of analysis that are analyzed include the socio-cultural level, the _____________ level, and the individual level.

answer

interpersonal

question

While some theorists focus on conflict and social change as it relates to sexuality, others focus on trying to explain conformity and stability. ________________ argued that individuals create shared meanings that are reinforced by norms, laws, and social institutions; this perspective helps us understand why people label some components of sexuality "right" and others "wrong", and why there is so much pressure to conform to sexual norms

answer

Social constructionist theory

question

How did the girls in Myers' and Raymond's study in "Elementary School Girls and Heteronormativity: The Girl Project? co-construct heteronormativity for each other while they participated in group discussions and activities?

answer

All of the above (Performing heterosexual desire for each other by framing girls' interests as boy-centered; Coproducing a fantasy world of romance and sex; Reinforcing gender binaries in which girls are measured—by their relationship to boys)

question

Although early sexologists have been criticized as outdated, ethnocentric, and unsophisticated, their work was important in that it:

answer

*WRONG ANSWER* All of the above

question

What are some uneven power differentials that Amanda E. Lewis and Laina Y. Bay-Cheng argue impact the relationships that form in the girls' mentorship program in "Our 'Ideal Girl'"?

answer

Both A & C (Race-based; age-based)

question

According to Jacqueline Vickery (2009), girls' femininity is policed by parents, media, and boys, but not by each other.

answer

False

question

In Vickery's (2009) article analyzing responses and discussions on a message board dedicated to single hood, which of the following discourses are present and are being reproduced?

answer

All of the above (Being single is a problem that has specific causes; The "prince charming" fairy tale narrative; Anti-feminist constructs in terms of which girls view themselves as incomplete without a romantic male partner)

question

Which of the following characterizes the world of sexuality according to Karen Sternheimer in her 2010 article "Fear of Sex: Do the Media Make Them Do It?"

answer

*WRONG ANSWER* The declining ability of adults to control children's knowledge about sex has created a high level of fear and this fear is often focused on popular culture

question

Romantic scripts are:

answer

a, b, and c (Gendered, but also raced, classed, and sexualized - that is, nature of romantic scripts vary depending on the specific actors and settings involved; learned by reading romance novels, watching romantic movies, including romantic comedies and love stories, Disney movies, etc.; can be defined as expectations for behavior during a romantic encounter and relationship. For example, the nursery rhyme: "first comes love, then comes marriage, then comes the baby with the baby carriage" outlines a sequence of steps that children might internalize in terms of their personal trajectories.)

question

High school proms

answer

Are arguably the quintessential ritual of adolescent gender conformity.

question

Romance, the term, is used to describe or designate

answer

All of the above (An intimate relationship between two people marked by pure love; A story or novel dealing with idealized love; Experiences dictated by romantic scripts)

question

According to Nichole Zlatunich's 2009 article entitled, "Prom Dreams and Prom Reality: Girls Negotiating "Perfection" at the High School Prom," which of the following is true?

answer

girls both challenge and accept the dominant messages about beauty and romance in teen prom magazines

question

Media stereotypes are marked by limited representation and simplification of categories and events.

answer

True

question

Moral panics about girls first surfaced in the twentieth century.

answer

False

question

Moral panics about girls in the United States have historically focused on monitoring girls' sexuality.

answer

True

question

The portrayal of large, expensive "fairy-tale" weddings across various media (TV, magazines, etc.):

answer

Both options 1 and 3 (Masks the intimate connection between marriage and consumerism; "Revs up" wedding expectations, giving the message that a wedding should be the "life goal" for women)

question

According to Laura Carpenter's (2009) research:

answer

Virginity-loss movies are open to multiple interpretations.

question

As Sternheimer (2010) notes, industrialization led to courtship being taken out of the private sphere and into the public sphere because:

answer

Both A and D (Adults spent more time away from home and were less often supervising children; Adults and teens were increasingly separated since economic changes led to higher rates of college and high school attendance)

question

The wedding industrial complex:

answer

all of the above (refers to the commercial aspect of marriage and romance; normalizes extravagant expenses as "necessary" stresses the importance of working hard to create the illusion of effortlessness; emphasizes individual and "unique" approaches to the wedding)

question

As discussed in the video Sexy Inc: Our Children Under the Influence, "tween" is a category of young woman created as a marketing strategy to secure pre-teenager sales earlier.

answer

True

question

Mass media and manufacture of products for sexual consumption play a significant role in sexualization of girls.

answer

True

question

Media representations of romance and sexuality:

answer

all of the above (are primarily limited to heterosexual couples; reproduce gender norms and power relations; rely on stereotypical depictions of men/boys and women/girls)

question

According to Vickery's (2009) analysis of an online message board, girls in relationships do not perpetuate mediated romantic/sexual scripts.

answer

False

question

_____________ is a specific and often intentional display of gendered behavior; __________ refers to the processes of repetition through which gender becomes naturalized.

answer

gender performance; gender performativity

question

Girls, like other groups in society, are always cultural slaves to the media.

answer

False

question

Theorist Judith Butler uses queer theory make several arguments around the idea of gender as "performance". Her main arguments are also built upon some assumptions regarding the relationship between sex (at birth) and gender). Please choose the follow set of statements that best reflect this standpoint:

answer

gender does not necessarily reflect one's sex at birth, it is learned and unlearned, it is performed in different ways in different settings. These performances are related to social beliefs about masculinity and femininity

question

Which of the following describe the community that Amy C. Wilkins (2004) argues Goth women attempt to create using "active sexuality"?

answer

All of the above describe the community that Goth women are attempting to create (A space where they are perceived as sexy despite physical self-representations that are not always validated in mainstream culture; A space where they can engage in sexual play with multiple partners without stigma or danger; A space that allows them to see themselves as strong, independent women)

question

Which of the following is a gendered issue regarding sexuality in mainstream culture that is also present in hook-up subculture?

answer

Sexual double standard

question

Which of the following is an example of how emphasis on heterosexuality as the "normal" sexual identity may foster an environment of homophobia or gender/sexuality discrimination?

answer

All of the above (Genital(re)construction surgery on intersexed individuals; Use of slurs suchas "fag" or "he/she" amongst youth in schools; Refusal of a medicalprofessional to artificially inseminate (impregnate) a transgender man fornon-medical reasons)

question

One's sexual identity is defined by the sexual acts one participates in.

answer

False

question

In the article, "Reclaiming Raunch?" the authors argue all of the following except:

answer

The TWBC successfully created a space that celebrated all gendered and sexual identities without valorizing some and dismissing others.

question

Hooking up is a term widely used on campuses to describe heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual intimate interaction.

answer

False

question

Sexual subcultures are usually defined against mainstream culture but often embody dominant gender norms.

answer

True

question

Sexual citizenship focuses on the apolitical aspects of gender performance and sexuality.

answer

False

question

"Hooking up," according to Kathleen Bogle (2010), does NOT have a precise meaning; it can mean kissing, sexual intercourse, or any form of sexual interaction between those two extremes.

answer

True

question

The cultural practice of "transitioning" from male to female, or female to male, emerges from a belief that individuals are either male OR female, rather than neither or both.

answer

True

question

How does the Toronto Women's Bathhouse Committee understand and embrace queer sexuality?

answer

All of the above (They embrace "prosex feminism" focusing on pleasure,rejecting a lesbian feminist culture that often de-sexualizes lesbianism; They attempt to foster an inclusive atmosphere wherelesbians, gay men, transgendered people, sex workers and other sexual minoritiescan share a common 'queer' space; They celebrate a few limited forms of female masculinity)

question

The terms/concepts of "heterosexual" and "homosexual" have always existed in some way or another in every language, and in every historical period. The course material definitely does NOT make the argument that these identity categories arose within a particular historical / social setting.

answer

False

question

The focus on genital appearance by doctors often does not accept that differences in genital size and shape generally do not require surgical "correction." In fact, hormone treatments and surgery rarely a medical necessity, but are practiced without any supportive research evidence. In addition, this perspective can completely discount the role of chromosomes, hormones, and other factors that shape gender identities.

answer

True

question

Which of the following are reasons why men and women would want to be intentionally vague when discussing their "hook ups" with others, according to Kathleen Bogle (2010)?

answer

Both of the above are reasons why women and men would want to be intentionally vague when discussing "hooking up" (Men want to appear as if they have had more sexual encounters than they actually have, so they hope listeners infer that more happened while "hooking up" than actually did; Women want to protect their reputations, so they hope listeners infer that less happened while "hooking up" than actually did)

question

Although college students recognize hooking up as a pathway to a romantic relationship, a hookup does not guarantee any commitment beyond the encounter, according to Kathleen Bogle's research in "The Hookup Culture on Campus" (2010)

answer

True

question

The concept of ___________________ reveals how social life is structured so that heterosexuality is always assumed, expected, ordinary and privileged.

answer

Heteronormativity

question

The "transgender" label is used as:

answer

All of the above (a catchall term for gender identities that lie outside of the traditional gender binary (male or female); an identity that refers to being both male and female, neither male nor female, or something in between; appearance, identity, behavior or a unique combination of all three; a way to reject a two-pole gendered system (beyond gender), in recognition that some people experience their gender as fluid, varying from day to day or year to year)

question

The Goth women in "So Full of Myself as a Chick" were able to use active sexuality to BOTH transform the internal sexual culture of their scene AND significantly alter gendered power within their scene.

answer

false

question

Pansexual is a term used synonymously with omnisexual and multisexual.

answer

True

question

_________________ was regarded as a standard treatment for hysteria, menstrual disorders and other female complaints, for at least the last 2,000 years.

answer

gynecological massage

question

The documentary "Orgasm, Inc." investigates Female Sexual Dysfunction from the perspective that it is:

answer

A commercial invention that exploits and reinforces the idea that women's sexual dissatisfaction stems from medical or biological issues rather than social or cultural ones

question

Although the medicalization of female sexuality has been criticized by some scholars, we must also recognize the positive benefits of this process. These benefits might include:

answer

all of the above (it might make it easier for people to talk more openly about sex and seek information or advice; it may enhance one's ability to experience sexual pleasure; it may confer legitimacy on a particular set of sexual difficulties; it may provide access to treatment that may alleviate distress and suffering)

question

According to Jane Juffer (1998), women are very comfortable masturbating as well as discussing about it.

answer

False

question

The 'therapeutic regulation of sex' that McGann describes in "Healing (Disorderly) Desire" (2006) is an example of social control that relies on opaque dichotomies, such as those of health/illness and normality/abnormality.

answer

True

question

According to "The 'Pinking' of Viagra Culture" by Heather Hartley (2006), after Pfizer's clinical trials of Viagra in women showed that it was not effective, some drug companies:

answer

all of the above (Continued developing drugs according to the 'Viagra model,' that target genital blood flow; Began developing products that augment dopamine-like brain chemicals; Switched their focus to developing products specifically intended to enhance sexual desire through the administration of testosterone)

question

Why might it be harmful to think of the G-spot as the "holy grail" of female sexuality?

answer

all of the above (Emphasis on vaginal orgasmsprivileges heteronormative male-centered models of sexuality; Clitoris is de-emphasized as a siteof female pleasure; Women who do not experience vaginal orgasms may internalize the idea that they are not "naturally" sexual or that their bodies are "faulty")

question

How does FGCS fail to challenge the bounds of normative heterosexuality, according to Braun's "In Search of (Better) Sexual Pleasure" (2005)?

answer

All of the above are ways that FGCS fails to challenge the bounds of normative heterosexuality (Because in discussions of FGCS, sexual pleasure is often framed as being derived through male-female orgasmic coitus; FGCS is seen as a practice of designing bodies to fit certain sexual practices (rather than designing sexual practices to fit bodies); The sexual 'freedom' that is being produced with FGCS is actually a freedom to enjoy sex within a very limited frame of reference)

question

The medical model of sex / sexuality includes the following components:

answer

all of the above (a view of the body as a hydraulic sexual machine, with an innate, natural essence or drive "contained in" and "released from" the body; a response to violations of gender and sexuality rules through sexual/social control ("treatment", "therapy"); the moral authority to define / classify deviant sexuality as sick or as healthy)

question

The "Electrosizer" in the first season of the television show "Mad Men," the 2009 Broadway play "In the Next Room (or the vibrator play)," and the recent film "Hysteria" are all evidence cited by Hilary Howard's 2011 New York Times article of:

answer

The medicalization of women's sexuality

question

A medicalized view sees one's ability to orgasm as linked to health, and labels inability to orgasm in the culturally accepted way (penile-vaginal intercourse) as pathological or dysfunctional. The implications of this are that:

answer

all of the above (because most women don't reach orgasm through vaginal sex alone, many feel that there is something medically wrong with them that can only be treated with medicine or surgery - in turn, pharmaceutical companies may increase profits by peddling drugs for female sexual "disorder"; women may feel pressured to 'fake' orgasm, and males may feel pressured to be able to 'give' a woman an orgasm during sex; the role of the clitoris in female sexual pleasure might be ignored; interpersonal and environmental stressor might go unnoticed, and therefore any problems unrelated to a woman's physiology might not be addressed)

question

How do medical-therapeutic practices help define and enforce a society's sexual hierarchy and sexual norms, according to McGann (2006)?

answer

An illness diagnosis can provide seemingly positive rational for restricting or changing individual sexual behaviors deemed 'disturbing'

question

"It's easier in a repressed culture to have a disorder than go to a sex store and get a vibrator," Liz Canner, the director of "Orgasm, Inc.," said in Howard's 2011 New York Times article. This quote demonstrates:

answer

The medicalization of women's sexuality

question

Jane Juffer (1998) argues that it is important to revisit the discourse on masturbation from the 1970s because there are 'important and still relevant lessons' to be learned from it, including:

answer

The emphasis on the female body and its pleasures contributed to the creation of a hierarchy of appropriate masturbatory activity and fantasy material that was essentialist and attempted to 'normalize' desire

question

What is female sexual dysfunction (FSD)?

answer

None of the above

question

Based on the materials provided, which of the following statements about women and vibrator use is NOT true?

answer

Women who are single are more likely to use a vibrator than women who are in a relationship

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the clitoris has been conceptualized historically in Europe and the U.S.?

answer

Symbolic manifestation of men's uncontrollable sexual desires

question

The _____________ was first marketed to physicians and then to middle class women, as a medical device in the treatment of hysteria and other female neuroses.

answer

vibrator

question

Which of the following is an example of medicalization?

answer

Categorizing nymphomania as a disease

question

The medicalization of female sexuality is an important theme in this module. For something to be considered "medicalized," it must be:

answer

both a and b (understood through medical language as a disorder, dysfunction, disease, or syndrome; defined as a condition, or problem, that needs to be treated via medical intervention)

question

Today, more than half of international funding for AIDS prevention comes from the U.S. State Department and relies on the ABC framework (abstinence, being faithful, and condom use). According to Mukherjee (2010), this is problematic because it relies on the idea of personal choice and the agency to carry out those choices.

answer

True

question

While public school teachers often strive to present sexual knowledge as rational and separable from sexual attitudes and behaviors, Jessica Fields research on students' classroom interactions indicates that:

answer

both b and c (Knowledge and behavior are intertwined, gendered, & sexualized practices; Knowledge about girls can be treacherous)

question

Sex education films often convey a ____________________ message regarding female sexuality, thus creating a social context conducive to the suppression of female sexual desire, pleasure, and initiative.

answer

sex as danger

question

Which of the following can be considered components of sexual subjectivity?

answer

both b and c (The pleasure we get from our bodies; The experience of living in a sexual body)

question

According to your readings, which of the following reduces young people's use of condoms:

answer

all of the above (the belief that condoms are not fully reliable; the belief that knowing one's partner is the best way to prevent infection; the belief that they know how to identify an "unsafe" sexual partner)

question

As Mukherjee (2010) writes, international financial policies and institutions are contributing to the AIDS epidemic by:

answer

Forcing poor governments to decrease their public sector budgets and privatize health services

question

Why is the human papillomavirus (HPV) such an important issue of women's health, according to the World Health Organization (2009)?

answer

All of the above are reasons why HPV is important issue for women's health (Because it is so widespread, with 10% of women with normal cervical cytology testing positive for HPV at any point in time; Because it is highly transmissible, so most sexually active women will experience an HPV infection at some point in their lives; Because virtually all cases of cervical cancer can be linked to genital infection with HPV)

question

The routine silencing of women's sexual desire in sexual education has been referred to as:

answer

missing discourse of desire

question

According to the World Health Organization report, the disproportionate number of women who are infected with HIV is a result of:

answer

A combination of biological factors, cultural factors, and gender inequalities

question

Lata's story (in the reading by Paul Farmer) illustrates:

answer

the impact of structural violence.

question

African Americans have higher rates of HIV than other ethnic groups primarily because:

answer

of poverty

question

What does Maticka-Tyndale's (1992) article tell us?

answer

all of the above (The prevailing research on AIDS risk and risk reduction focuses on the degree to which individual actions comply with scientific guidelines for HIV prevention; From the perspective of social constructionism, society's members are both authors of and actors in the realities they construct; Peer alliances and gender norms influence how the rule of "no infected partners" is actually applied)

question

The majority of women in the U.S. become infected with HIV as a result of:

answer

Male-to-female sexual contact

question

Which of the following is NOT a heteronormative lesson that girls generally learn in sex education?

answer

To celebrate sexual and gender diversity

question

According to the World Health Organization report, women are more likely than men to become infected with HIV as a result of unprotected heterosexual intercourse because:

answer

There are cultural limitations on women's access to information about safe sex, which decreases their chances of having protected sex

question

What biological factors might make women more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in comparison with men?

answer

both a and c (Fragility of vaginal tissue; Engaging in sexual intercourse at an early age)

question

Maticka-Tyndall argues that sexual education programs could better fit with those for whom they are designed if:

answer

all of the above (They took into consideration how those individuals construct their realities about AIDS; They incorporated scientific and common sense knowledge into a more solid, single message; They put sex in the context of gendered relationships and peer alliances)

question

Structural violence means:

answer

the systematic exclusion of a group from the resources needed to survive and flourish.

question

Jessica Field's (2007) research on sexuality education shows that lessons about female sexual pleasure violate widely held social tenets about how sexual knowledge has nothing to do with male sexual vulnerability.

answer

false

question

Which of the following is/are reason(s) why women's morbidity rates due to sexually transmitted diseases such as Chlamydia are much greater than men's, according to the World Health Organization report (2009)?

answer

All of the above are reasons why women have higher STD morbidity rates than men (The symptoms of these infections are more evident in men than women; Men are diagnosed sooner and treated more quickly, as opposed to women who have less access to diagnosis and treatment services; Women have greater biological vulnerability due to complications from untreated infection)

WST 313: Women & Sexuality Final – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards