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Sex information/advice genre

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Transmits information and norms, rather than images about sexuality to a mass audience to both inform and entertain in a simplified manner. Primary goal is to sell copies, raise ratings and increase revenue. Information and advice presented as a form of entertainment. Focus on the "how to" or morality concerns. Gives an aura of scientific authority, but...tend not to include normal or other aspects of sexuality behaviors.

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Objectivity

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the observations of things as they exist in reality as opposed to our feelings, or beliefs about them. Objectivity calls for us to suspend the beliefs, biases or prejudices we have in order to understand it.

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Value judgments

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Evaluations based on moral or ethical standards rather than objective ones. Value judgments imply how a person ought to behave, whereas objective statements describe how people actually behave. Value judgments cannot be empirically validated whereas objective statements can.

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Opinions

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is an unsubstantiated belief or conclusion about what seems to be true according to our thoughts; not based on accurate knowledge or concrete evidence. Biases: is personal learning or inclination, they lead us to select information that supports our views or beliefs while ignoring information that does not.

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Stereotypes

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Is a set of simplistic, rigidly held, overgeneralized beliefs, conclusions about an individual, a group of people, an idea etc.

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Fallacy

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Is an error in reasoning that affects our understanding of a subject. Fallacies distort our thinking, leading us to false conclusions.

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Egocentric Fallacy

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is the mistaken belief that our own personal experience and values generally are held by others too. Through this lens, we use our own beliefs and values to explain the attitudes, motivations ad behaviors of others.

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Ethnocentric Fallacy

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is the belief that our own ethnic group, nation, or culture is innately superior to others; reinforced by opinions, stereotypes and biases by other groups and cultures.

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Sex Researchers: three themes emerge in modern sex research

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They believe that sexual expression is essential to an individual's well-being They seek to broaden the range of legitimate sexual activity, including homosexuality They believe that female sexuality is the equal of male sexuality

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Richard von Krafft-Ebbing: 1840-1902

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Viennese psychiatrist who in 1886 published Psychopathia Sexualis becoming one of the most influential early researchers. Brought attention to a wide range of sexual behavior never before documented (i.e., fetishes, sadists, masturbation etc)

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Neurosis

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Psychological disorders characterized by anxiety or tension.

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Repression

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a psychological mechanism that keeps people from becoming aware of hidden memories and motives because they aroused guilt, and prevents such knowledge.

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Psychoanalysis

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a psychological system that ascribes behavior to unconscious desires. Freud believes that sexuality begins at birth and describes five stages in psychosexual development.

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Oral stage: (0-1yr)

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the infants eroticism is focused on the mouth; autoerotic

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Anal stage: (1-3yrs)

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children's sexual activities continue to be autoerotic but the region of pleasure shifts to the anus.

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Phallic stage: (3-5yrs)

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children begin to exhibit interest in their genitalia

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Latency stage: (6+)

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children enter a latency stage in which their sexual impulses are no longer active. At puberty, they enter the genital stage at which point they become interested in genital sexual activities, especially sexual intercourse.

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Sigmund Freud

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Phallic stage is of much importance according to Freud: Oedipal complex, which leads to castration anxiety; and electra complex, which leads to penis envy in girls. By age 6, boys and girls resolve their oedipal and electra complexes by relinquishing their desires for the parent of the opposite sex and identifying with the same sex parent. In this manner they develop their masculine and feminine identities.

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Havelock Ellis: (1897-1910)

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Studies in the Psychology of Sex- Consisted of case studies, autobiographies, and personal letters. First researcher to appeal to studies in animal behavior, anthropology, and history. Challenged the view that masturbation was abnormal. Documented that women possessed sexual desires no less intense than those of men. He also reevaluated homosexuality and determined it was a congenital condition that one was born with and so one does not choose. It should therefore not be considered immoral or criminal.

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Alfred Kinsey: (1894-1956)

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Kinsey highlights sexual diversity and variation, a reevaluation of masturbation, sexual orientation, and a reject of normal/abnormal dichotomies. Kinsey destroyed the belief in American sexual innocence and virtue. Published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male in 1948 and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female in 1953. Discovered extraordinary diversity in sexual behaviors, reevaluated the role of masturbation in a person's sexual adjustment. Kinsey found that many people had sexual experiences with persons of both sexes. Rejected normal/abnormal dichotomy. Kinsey demonstrated the great discrepancy between public standards of sexual behavior and actual sexual behavior.

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Mater's & Johnson: the physiology of sexual response

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Interested in treating sexual difficulties Published Human Sexual Response in 1966 Revolutionized sex therapy by treating sexual problems as difficulties that could be treated using behavioral therapy Behavioral approach led to an astounding increase in the rate of successful treatment of sexual problems Destroyed Freudian belief that women orgasms through masturbation were inferior to those of men.

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sex

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refers to whether one is biologically female or male, based on genetic and anatomical sex.

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Genetic sex

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refers to one's chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristics (XX, XY, estrogen, testosterone)

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anatomical sex

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refers to the physical sex: gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina penis and so on.

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Gender

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The social and cultural characteristics associated with biological sex, although gender and sex are used interchangeably these are not the same. Gender relates to femininity and masculinity.

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Assigned gender

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Gender given by others, usually at birth

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Gender identity

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A person's internal sense of being male or female

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Gender role

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are the attitudes, behaviors, rights and responsibilities that particular cultural groups associate with each sex. Age, race and a variety of other factors define and influence these.

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Gender role stereotypes

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is a rigidly held, oversimplified and overgeneralized belief about how each gender should behave. These gender stereotypes tend to be false and misleading.

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Gender role attitude

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refers to the beliefs a person has about him or herself and others regarding appropriate female and male personality traits and activities.

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Gender role behavior

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refers to the actual activities or behaviors a person engages in as a female or male.

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Gender presentation

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gestures or personality as perceived by others

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Repression

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a psychological mechanism that keeps people from becoming aware of hidden memories and motives because they aroused guilt, and prevents such knowledge.

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Psychoanalysis

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a psychological system that ascribes behavior to unconscious desires. Freud believes that sexuality begins at birth and describes five stages in psychosexual development.

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Oral stage

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(0-1yr) the infants eroticism is focused on the mouth; autoerotic

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Anal stage

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(1-3yrs) children's sexual activities continue to be autoerotic but the region of pleasure shifts to the anus.

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Phallic stage

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(3-5yrs) children begin to exhibit interest in their genitalia. Phallic stage is of much importance according to Freud: Oedipal complex, which leads to castration anxiety; and electra complex, which leads to penis envy in girls. By age 6, boys and girls resolve their oedipal and electra complexes by relinquishing their desires for the parent of the opposite sex and identifying with the same sex parent. In this manner they develop their masculine and feminine identities.

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Latency stage

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(6+) children enter a latency stage in which their sexual impulses are no longer active. At puberty, they enter the genital stage at which point they become interested in genital sexual activities, especially sexual intercourse.

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Havelock Ellis

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Studies in the Psychology of Sex Consisted of case studies, autobiographies, and personal letters. First researcher to appeal to studies in animal behavior, anthropology, and history. Challenged the view that masturbation was abnormal. Documented that women possessed sexual desires no less intense than those of men. He also reevaluated homosexuality and determined it was a congenital condition that one was born with and so one does not choose. It should therefore not be considered immoral or criminal.

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Alfred Kinsey

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Highlights sexual diversity and variation, a reevaluation of masturbation, sexual orientation, and a reject of normal/abnormal dichotomies. Destroyed the belief in American sexual innocence and virtue. Published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male in 1948 and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female in 1953. Discovered extraordinary diversity in sexual behaviors. Reevaluated the role of masturbation in a person's sexual adjustment. Found that many people had sexual experiences with persons of both sexes. Rejected normal/abnormal dichotomy. Demonstrated the great discrepancy between public standards of sexual behavior and actual sexual behavior.

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Mater's & Johnson

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Interested in treating sexual difficulties Published Human Sexual Response in 1966 Revolutionized sex therapy by treating sexual problems as difficulties that could be treated using behavioral therapy Behavioral approach led to an astounding increase in the rate of successful treatment of sexual problems Destroyed Freudian belief that women orgasms through masturbation were inferior to those of men.

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sex

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refers to whether one is biologically female or male, based on genetic and anatomical sex.

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Genetic sex

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refers to one's chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristics (XX, XY, estrogen, testosterone)

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Anatomical sex

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refers to the physical sex: gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina penis and so on.

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Gender

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The social and cultural characteristics associated with biological sex, although gender and sex are used interchangeably these are not the same. Gender relates to femininity and masculinity. - Rooted in culture

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Assigned gender

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Gender given by others, usually at birth; tells others how to respond to us.

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Gender identity

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A person's internal sense of being male or female

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Gender role

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are the attitudes, behaviors, rights and responsibilities that particular cultural groups associate with each sex. Age, race and a variety of other factors define and influence these.

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Gender role stereotypes

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is a rigidly held, oversimplified and overgeneralized belief about how each gender should behave. These gender stereotypes tend to be false and misleading.

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Gender role attitude

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refers to the beliefs a person has about him or herself and others regarding appropriate female and male personality traits and activities.

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Gender role behavior

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refers to the actual activities or behaviors a person engages in as a female or male.

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Gender presentation

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gestures or personality as perceived by others.

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Sex & gender identity

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we develop our gender through the interaction of its biological, cultural and psychosocial components → Biological component: genetic and anatomical sex → Cultural component: creates gender distinctions → Psychosocial component: assigned gender and gender identity our culture emphasizes that there should be two genders and that there should be coherence between biological, cultural and psychosocial dimensions of each gender. Deviations, still stigmatized, are being reexamined and reevaluated and are viewed as gender variations.

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Gender variations

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those individuals who cannot or chose not to conform to societal gender norms associated with their biological sex. Stereotypes reinforce this pattern of polar differences in gender stereotypes, In this view men embody Instrumentality and are task oriented. Whereas women embody expressiveness and are emotion-oriented.

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Sexism

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discrimination against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits, is often associated with gender stereotypes and may prevent individuals from expressing their full range of emotions or seeking certain vocations. • Our traditional notion of gender roles assumes that heterosexuality is a critical component of masculinity and femininity. Beliefs about homosexuality - If a man is gay, he cannot be masculine, and if a woman is lesbian, she cannot be feminine - If a man is gay, he must have some feminine characteristics, and if a woman is lesbian, she must have some masculine characteristics

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Cognitive-social learning theory

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is derived from behavioral psychology; in explaining our actions, behavioroists emphasize observable events and their consequences, rather than internal feelings and drives. We learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of social interactions with others. The behaviorist approach has been modified to include cognition—mental processes that intervene between stimulus and response. the cognitive process in social learning include our ability to 1. use language 2. anticipate consequences 3. make observations

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Cognitive-development theory

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focuses on children's active interpretation of the messages they receive from the environment. This theory stresses that we learn differently depending on our age

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Social construction theories

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views gender as a set of practices and performances that occur through language and a political system. This perspective acknowledges the relationships that exist among meaning, power and gender and suggests that language mediates and deploys how each will be expressed.

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Sexual scripts

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refers to the acts, rules and expectations associated with a particular role. Contemporary gender roles and scripts often display both traditional elements and egalitarian and androgynous ones: Sexual expression is positive and healthy - Sexual activities involve exchange of erotic pleasure - Sexuality is equally involving, and both partners are equally responsible - Sexual activities may be initiated by either partner - Both partners have the freedom to experience orgasm - Sex is acceptable within a relationship context

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Androgyny

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refers to flexibility in gender roles and the unique combination of instrumental and expressive traits as influenced by individual differences, situations and stages in life cycle. An androgynous lifestyle allows men and women to choose from the full range of emotions and behaviors according to their temperament, situation and common humanity rather than their gender.

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Transgender

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An umbrella term describing people who challenge, defy, play with or consider themselves different from a culture's sex and gender categories Common or accepted definitions of transgendered people... - People who feel the binary gender (M or F) they were assigned at birth (usually based on genital presentation) is a misleading or incomplete description of themselves - People who don't identify with or present as the binary gender they were assigned at birth - People who don't conform with the gender expectations associated with the sex they were assigned at birth • Transgendered people may not have had gender confirming medical therapy and may or may not have any interest in such a procedure

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Intersex

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the term is used to refer to variations in congenital sex anatomy that are considered atypical for males or females. It is an umbrella term that covers many different conditions. Another term to describe intersex is disorders of sexual development (DSD)

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disorders of sexual development (DSD)

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Occurs when the genetic or hormonal process that causes fetal tissue to become male or female is disrupted.

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Turner syndrome

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is a genetic condition in which a female does not have the usual pair of two X chromosomes. Characteristics include: Short stature; drooping eyelids; wide, webbed neck, minimal breast development; swollen hands/feet, undeveloped ovaries, No menstruation, and are likely to remain infertile.

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Klinefelter syndrome

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males with this syndrome have one or more extra X chromosome. Y chromosome gives male features (formation of small, firm testes), but the double XX adds female traits. They tend to be of tall stature; gynecomastia*; sparse body hair; female-like pubic hair formations; small penis, low testosterone often leads to low sex drive and inability to experience erections and there is a greater risk for learning disabilities, depression, and hyperactivity

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Psychosexual development

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involves the psychological aspects of sexuality • Psychosexual maturity begins to develop in infancy • Babies derive sensual pleasure from stroking, cuddling, bathing Ernest Borneman, researcher of children's sexuality in the 1950s suggested that the first phase of sexual development be called the cutaneous phase. During this period, an infant's skin can be considered a "single erogenous zone"

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Infancy (ages 0-2)

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during this time infants discover the pleasure of genital stimulation soon after birth, the body begins its first sexual response even earlier in utero (Boys have erections; Girls show vaginal lubrication and genital swelling) and sexual responses at infancy are adult interpretations of normal reflexes, and do not necessarily signify the infant's desire or interest. Instead it reveals the capacity for sexual response that is present soon after conception.

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Childhood sexuality (ages 3-11):

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this stage consists of curiosity and sex play. Children begin to explore their bodies • Healthy psychological development is essential; the goals should be to make children comfortable with their own bodies • Children participate in sex play with other children of their own sex • Quite common and normal • Childhood sex play DOES NOT create orientation! • Masturbation is healthy, but negative responses from adults magnify the guilt and anxiety in a child about the behavior. However, children find playing with their genitals pleasurable. • Children need to understand that pleasure from self-stimulation is normal and acceptable

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Problematic sexual childhood behavior

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there is a clear distinction between normal and problematic childhood sexual behaviors

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Red flags

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When sexual behavior is - Persistently intrusive - Coercive - Developmentally abnormal - Abusive

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