question

ability to use symbols or mental representations ; without symbols, people could not communicate verbally

answer

symbolic function

question

based on having kept a mental representation of an observed action; becomes robust after 8 months

answer

deferred imitation

question

mentally linking two events whether or not there is logical a causal relationship ; young children grasp cause and effect

answer

transduction

question

the concept that people and many things are basically the same even if they change form

answer

indentities

question

the tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive

answer

animism

question

concept of comparing qualities; infants as young as 4 1/2 months have rudimentary concept of numbers; begins at 12-18 months

answer

ordinality

question

when asked to count six items, children under 3 1/2 tend to recite the number names but not say how many items there are all together

answer

cardinality principle in counting

question

form of concentration where they believe everything revolves around them

answer

egocentrism

question

tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others

answer

centration

question

think about several different aspects of a situation at a time

answer

decenter

question

the fact that two things that are equal remain so even if their appearance is altered so long as nothing is added or taken away

answer

conservation

question

failure to understand that a operation or action can go in two or more directions

answer

irreversibility

question

the awareness of their own mental processes and those of other people

answer

theory of mind

question

the recognition that others have mental states

answer

social cognition

question

children learn to distinguish between real and imagined events at what age

answer

sometime between 18 months and three years

question

T OR F: magical thinking in children age 3 and older does not seem to stem from confusion between fantasy and reality

answer

TRUE

question

T OR F: the kind of talk a child hears at home will not effect the child's learning of mental states

answer

FALSE

question

attaches a code or label to something so you can find it easier

answer

encoding

question

occurs when the info is needed

answer

retrieval

question

short term store house for incoming sensory info

answer

working memory

question

store house of virtually unlimited capacity that hold info for ling periods of time

answer

long term memory

question

the ability to identify something encountered before

answer

recognition

question

awareness of having experienced an event at a specific time and place

answer

episodic memory

question

preoperational children can't reason logically about cause and effect, they reason by ______

answer

transduction

question

mentally link to events that are close in time ; view relationships as predictable

answer

transduction

question

due to understanding of identities, the child can now make distinction between 2 criteria: _____ & _____

answer

shape and color

question

by age ___ , most kids can count to 20

answer

5

question

by age 5, children know the relative size of number 1-___

answer

1-10

question

centration causes the child to come to _____ conclusions

answer

illogical

question

T OR F: Three years olds are not as ecocentric as new borns

answer

True

question

understanding conservation is limited by ____

answer

irreversibility

question

the failure to understand that an operation or action can go in two or more directions

answer

irreversibility

question

between ages __-__, they understand that thinking goes on inside the mind

answer

3-5

question

T or F: preschoolers thing that thinking always continues

answer

FALSE, preschoolers think that thinking starts and stops

question

somewhere between 18 months and three years, they can determine ____vs____ events

answer

real vs imagined

question

putting files away

answer

storage memory

question

temporary store house/fades

answer

sensory memory

question

short term; person is actively engaged; limited by capacity; stored in frontal lobe or cortex

answer

working memory

question

memory that starts at age 2 ; script

answer

generic memory

question

memory of your own life; form of episodic memory that refers to the thing that form your history

answer

autobiographical memory

question

recognizing something is / was there

answer

recognition memory

question

something from the past that you are giving/ telling back to someone

answer

recall memory

question

the standford binet is for ages __ and up

answer

2 and up

question

how long does the standford binet test take

answer

45-60 min

question

defining words/building blocks/identifying missing parts; IQ tests at age 5 tend to be fairly reliable in predicting future success and measure intelligence; yields separate sections of verbal and non verbal

answer

Standford Binet test

question

IQ test used for special education children; fairly good predictor

answer

Wechler

question

environment, maturity, temperament, pre literacy skills, SES, ease in testing, and culture are all influences on ____

answer

IQ

question

Low SES children did (better or worse) than high SES children if they outgoing temperament, warm mothering, and a stimulating home

answer

Better

question

who determined that younger children vs older children vary in results

answer

Piaget

question

T OR F: Vygotsky followed the question/ answer approach

answer

FALSE : Piaget

question

Who believes that IQ tests aren't an accurate representation of intelligence ; not in favor or traditional IQ tests; wants to help the child in order for them to get to the next level

answer

Vygotsky

question

at age 3: average child can use about ___-___ words

answer

900-1000

question

at age 6: a child can use about _____ words

answer

2600

question

at age 6, the child has a passive vocabulary of _____ words

answer

20,000

question

by high school years, the child can use _____ passive words

answer

80,000

question

a new concept is learned based on only a single exposure to a given unit of information; hearing a word once and understanding or beginning to recognize the word

answer

fast mapping

question

__-__ year olds know when two words refer to the same object

answer

2-3 year olds

question

when does a child begin to use and understand pronouns

answer

3 years old

question

at 4-5 years old, they use __-__ words sentences (declarative or imperative)

answer

4-5

question

___-___ year olds: more adult like in language; declarative sentences; rarely use passive voice; conjunction; don't know all points of a language

answer

5-7 year olds

question

gearing speech to be heard by a listener

answer

social speech

question

talking to yourself

answer

private speech

question

T OR F: most 5 years olds can adapt what they say to what the listener knows ; can use polite speech when talking to adults

answer

True

question

why did piaget call early childhood the preoperational stage of cognitive development

answer

because children this age are not yet ready to engage in logical mental operations

question

preschool children show ______ through deferred imitation, pretend play, and language

answer

symbolic function

question

also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginary play; children may make an object represent or symbolize something else, such as a person

answer

pretend play

question

until at least age ___, most children do not reliably grasp the relationships between pictures, or scale models and the larger or smaller objects or spaces they represent

answer

3

question

rigged to light up and play music only when certain objects were placed on it; used to see if kids could grasp cause and effect

answer

blicket detector

question

requires a child to identify similarities and differences ; cognitive ability with psychosocial implications

answer

categorization/ classification

question

T OR F: 3-4 understand that people are alive and rocks and dolls are not

answer

TRUE

question

Israel children were less likely than US and Japanese children to attribute _________, due to their culture

answer

plants to the qualities of living things

question

who suggests that infants as young as 4 1/2 months have a rudimentary concept of number?

answer

Karen Wynn

question

the concept of comparing quantities (more or less/bigger or smaller); beings around 12-18 months ; at first is limited to comparisons of very few objects

answer

ordinality

question

basic level of number skills includes, counting, number knowledge, number transformations, estimation, and recognition of number patterns; develop by the time they enter school

answer

number sense

question

according to Piaget , what is one of the main characteristics of preoperational thought

answer

centration

question

preschoolers come to illogical conclusions because they cannot _____

answer

decenter (think about several aspects of a situation at one time)

question

created to study egocentrism; a child sits facing a table that holds three large mounds of sand, a doll is placed at the opposite side of the table and the investigator asks the child how the mountains would look to the doll

answer

three mountain task

question

what did Piaget find from the three mountain task experiment

answer

young children usually could not answer the question correctly and they described the mountains from their own perspective: evidence that preoperational children cannot imagine a point of view different from their own

question

who was the first scholar to investigate children's theory of mind

answer

Piaget

question

their awareness of their own mental processes and those of other people

answer

theory of mind

question

T OR F: children under 10 can not distinguish between thoughts or dreams and real physical entities

answer

False: children under 6

question

by age ____, they understand that people have different beliefs about the world

answer

4

question

3 years olds failure to recognize false beliefs may stem from _____ thinking

answer

egocentric

question

the deliberate effort to plant a false belief in someones mind; requires the child to suppress the impulse to be truthful ; children become capable of this as early as age 2-3

answer

deception

question

at 4-5 years old, they use __-__ words sentences

answer

4-5

question

takes a major role in late speech

answer

Hereditary

question

T OR F: boys are more likely than girls to have language delays and have trouble with fast mapping

answer

true

question

T OR F: those who speak late never catch up

answer

FALSE: they always catch up

question

___-___% of children with early language delays if left untreated may experience far reaching developmental problems

answer

40-60%

question

the development of preceding skills: oral language skills and specific skills

answer

emergent literacy

question

the understanding that language is used to communicate

answer

oral language skills

question

help in decoding the printed word

answer

specific language skills

question

realization that words are composed of sounds

answer

phenomic awareness

question

most 4 year olds use ____ when talking to 2 year olds

answer

parentese

question

__-__% of preschool children have language delays

answer

5-8%

question

practical knowledge of how to use language to commmunicate

answer

pragmatics

question

speech meant to be understood by a listener

answer

social speech

question

talking aloud to ones self

answer

private speech

question

at age __, they begin to use plurals, possessives, and past tense

answer

3

question

5-8%

answer

about _____% of preschool children show speech and language delays

question

-hearing problems -head and facial abnormalities -pre mature birth -SES -family history

answer

some factors that may be associated with speech and language delays are...

question

TRUE

answer

t/f heredity plays a major role in language development/speech problems

question

boys

answer

are boys or girls more likely to be late talkers?

question

-an immediate connection with words and their meanings -some children w/ language delays may have problems w/ this and need to have new words repeated more often than other kids before they can work it into their daily vocab

answer

what is fast mapping?

question

true

answer

t/f many children who speak late eventually catch up

question

40-60%

answer

_______% of kids w/ untreated language delays may experience long term cognitive, social, and emotional troubles

question

no

answer

is it easy to predict if a late talker needs help?

question

preschoolers' development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing

answer

emergent literacy

question

- part 1 of pre-reading skills, deals with: -vocab -syntax -narrative structure -the understanding that language is used to communicate

answer

oral language skills

question

part 2 of pre-reading skills, deals with: -specific skills that help in decoding the printed word -phonological skills

answer

specific skills

question

the realization that words are composed of distinct "phonemes" or sounds

answer

phonemic awareness

question

the ability to link sounds with the corresponding letters or combinations of letters

answer

phoneme-grapheme correspondance

question

studied British schoolchildren and found that development of word recognition appeared critically dependent on phonological skills, and oral language skills and grammar skills were more important predictors of reading comprehension

answer

British longitudinal study

question

yes

answer

does heredity influence literacy development?

question

social interaction

answer

what can promote emergent literacy?

question

reading to children moderate exposure to educational tv

answer

what is one of the most effective paths to literacy?

question

86% of girls 82% of boys

answer

according to US govt. report, ____ of girls and ____ of boys are read to at home @ least 3x per week

question

in this study, it was found that the content of tv shows viewed @ age 2-4 predicted academic skills 3 yrs later

answer

longitudinal TV study

question

-focuses on academics

answer

Preschool in China

question

-have followed a child-centered philosophy stressing social and emotional growth, in line with children's developmental needs -some based on Piagetian or Montessori methods

answer

Preschool in USA

question

-part of a worldwide movement -method enables children to learn indep.. and at their own pace -they work with self-chosen tasks -teachers serve as guides -older children help younger ones

answer

Montessori Preschools

question

In an urban setting where the children were randomly picked for enrollment, 5 yr old Montessori students were better prepared for elementary school in reading and math than children who attended other schools

answer

evaluation of Montessori Preschools found that...

question

he would say academically oriented programs neglect young children's need for exploration and free play and that too much teacher-centered instruction may stifle kids interest and interfere w/ self initiated learning

answer

what would a defender of traditional development approach to preschool say about his case?

question

studies in US support a child-centered, developmental approach

answer

what type of preschool is best for children?

question

a coherent philosophy of education may work better than attempt to blend diverse approaches and that a child-initiated approach seems more effective than an academic approach

answer

studies have shown that...

question

higher more ready

answer

the_____ a family's SES the ______ a child is going to be for school

question

2/3

answer

more than _____ of children in poor urban areas enter school unprepared to learn

question

programs that help kids who have low SES, bad home life become ready for school

answer

compensatory preschool programs

question

a compensatory preschool program, federally funded program launched in the 60's

answer

Project Head Start

question

-not only to enhance cognitive skills, but also to improve physical health and to foster self-confidence, relationships with others, social responsibilities, and a sense of dignity self-worth for the child and the family

answer

Goals of Project Head Start

question

dental and medical and mental health care, social services, and at least one hot meal a day

answer

What does Head Start provide?

question

children who needed but didn't attend compensatory programs

answer

Children who attend newer state-sponsored programs tend to show better cognitive and language skills and do better in school than...

question

children make gains in vocab, letter recognition, early writing and early math, tend to score better on early intelligence tests

answer

Benefits of Head Start

question

children's readiness skills remain far below average and the advantage on scoring better on intelligence tests disappears when elementary school begins

answer

Weak points of Head Start

question

have to repeat a grade, be placed in special ed classrooms, and are more likely to finish High school than low-income children who didn't attend a program

answer

Children from Head Start and other compensatory programs are less likely to....

question

when started as early as possible and last as long as possible

answer

When are outcomes with compensatory programs the best?

question

-most parental participation -best-trained teachers -lowest staff-child ratios -longest school days/weeks -most extensive services

answer

What do the most successful Head Start programs consist of?

question

2 and 3

answer

According to studies, at ages ___ and ____ participants scored higher on standardized developmental/vocab tests and were at less risk go slow development than children not in a compensatory program

question

3

answer

at age _____ children were less aggressive, more attentive to play things, and more positively engaged with their parents

question

Through a PK-3 approach

answer

what is the most effective way to ensure that gains achieved in early intervention and compensatory education programs are maintained?

question

a systematic program extending from pre-k-3rd grade

answer

PK-3 Approach

question

1) offer pre-k to all 3 & 4 year olds 2) require full-day kindergarten 3) coordinate and align educational experiences and expectations from pre-k thru 3rd grade this would be done by a curriculum based on children's developmental needs and abilities

answer

what would a pk-3 program offer?

question

-more like first grade used to be -children spend less time on self-chosen activities and more time on worksheets and preparing to read

answer

Kindergarten in US today

question

it lays the foundation for future academic achievement

answer

what does a successful kindergarten transition do?

question

60%

answer

_____% of children go to full day kindergarten

question

initially yes, but by the end of third grade the amount of time spent in kindergarten makes no big academic difference

answer

Do children learn more in full day kindergarten?

question

the importance of the preparation a child receives BEFORE kindergarten

answer

What do study findings highlight?

question

pre literacy skills and the richness of a home literacy environment

answer

What predicts reading achievement in first grade?

question

this w/ extensive preschool experience

answer

what kinds of kids tend to adjust better to kindergarten?

question

emotional and social adjustment

answer

what affects readiness for kindergarten and strongly predicts school success?

question

-by allowing preschoolers and parents to visit before start of kindergarten -shortening school days earlier in the school year - having teachers make home visits -holding parent orientation sessions - keeping parents informed on what is going on

answer

How can adjustments to kindergarten be eased?

question

5

answer

about ____% of children repeat kindergarten

question

LOW SES kids, those who didn't attend preschool, hose with developmental delays

answer

who is most likely to repeat kindergarten?

question

the kids who completed kindergarten outperformed their counterparts who were in a traditional 180-day program

answer

what happened in the study with the school who added 30 days to their school year?

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