question

population

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individuals of the same species living in the same area smallest biological entity that can evolve

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evolution

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change in the allele frequencies through time due to conditions that violate the hardy-weinberg equilibrium

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hardy-weinberg equilibrium

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no evolution because of a lack of mutations, random mating occurrences, no natural selection, extremely large population size, and no gene flow. The outcome is allele frequencies do not change.

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Mutation

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random effect that causes a change in the DNA sequence of a gene, typically the ultimate source of new alleles, combination with sexual reproduction generates variations among individuals in a population

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gene flow

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genetic exchange between populations, increases genetic diversity within a single population, decreases genetic among multiple populations

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genetic drift

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random changes in allele frequencies that is especially important in small populations, due in part to organisims being discrete entities, can reduce genetic variation within a population

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founder effect

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small group starts a new population, may not be representative of the gene pool of the original population, usually does not contain all of the genetic variation in original population

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population bottleneck

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population drops to a very small size before recovering, survivors of bottleneck may not be representative of entire original population, often lowers the genetic variation in a population ex: prairie chickens in illinois

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natural selection

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non-random effect that is the differences in the reproductive success in genotypes and leads to adaptation in population, reduces genetic variation when there is a heterozygous advantage

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absolute fitness

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number of offspring produced by genotype

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relative fitness

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standardized and the highest it can be is 1 with the other genotypes being some kind of fraction

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high frequency of type O blood in native americans and type A blood in Australians and N america

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due to genetic drift

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decreased frequency of B alleles in Eurasia from east to west

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due to gene flow because invaders brought the allele with them when they invaded and repopulated the area

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high frequency of B alleles in asia and africa

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due to natural selection, smallpox has a sugar similar to that found on A blood and bubonic plague has H molecule like is found on type O blood

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sexual reproduction cost

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offspring only carry half of a parent's allele

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benefit of sexual reproduction

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genetic variation in offspring

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male

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make small usually motile gametes called sperm

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female

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make large more expensive non motile gametes called eggs

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blue headed wrasse

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start off life as a female and if it become the biggest fish it switches into a male

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clown fish

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larger of the pair should be the female, males have same fitness as their female mates size

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grey squirrel

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males that have a larger body size fight for mates while smaller body sized individuals wait for mates

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sexual selection

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trait with survival cost has mating benefits, sex investing more in the offspring should be choosy, males fight for access to survival, females select males with certain traits

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good genes hypothesis

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trait is a handicap such as bright colors or long tail but if the individual can survive it shows evidence of good genes to give to offspring

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good provider hypothesis

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male provides parental care and the trait is evidence of good qaulity and good at providing for the young

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directional selection

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individuals at 1 end of the distributions do very well and individuals on the other end don't do as well

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stabilizing selection

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those that have intermediate phenotype do very well but those at extremes do not do as well

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disruptive selection

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those on the extreme ends of the distribution do better than those that have the intermediate phenotype, tends to increase the genetic variation of a species

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biological species concept

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group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that produce viable and fertile offspring; key aspect is reproductive isolation

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ecological species concept

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set of organisims exploiting a single niche, key aspect is the resources exploited and the habitat occupied by the members of a species, deals with the area a species lives in

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morphological species concept

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set of species with morphological features in common, deals with looks

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phylogenetic species concept

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defined by its unique genetic history as a tip of a phylogenetic tree, key aspect is that species are defined by their unique derived features and shared ancestry, deals with genetics

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allopatric speciation

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a population forms a new species while geographically isolated from its parent population

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dispersal allopatric speciation

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organisims leave the parent population and move to an area that was previously uninhabited

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vicariance allopatric speciation

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a large population is split in two by some kind of physical force

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physical barrier

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interrupts gene flow

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sympatric speciation

answer

no geographic barrier to gene flow; polyploidy, habitat specialization, and sexual selection prevents reproduction between individuals from different populations living in the same area

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genetic divergence

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can occur in allopatric or sympatric, accumulation of genetic differences between 2 populations that causes mutation, genetic drift including founder effect, and differential selection

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reproductive isolating mechanisms

answer

prevents interbreeding to produce viable and fertile hybrid offspring and can be pre or post-zygotic

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reinforcement outcome between populations

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the lineage continues to diverge

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fusion outcome between populations

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if the hybrids are viable the 2 populations come back together

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stability outcome between populations

answer

the hybrids do really well for themselves

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characteristic of mammals

answer

milk nucleated red blood cell hair

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FOXP2 gene

answer

mutation in this gene is primarily responsible for severe language disorder called developmental verbal dyspraxia which is characterized by difficulty and identifying basic speech sounds, understanding sentences, and judging grammar, autosomal dominant; unmutated gene is responsible for the speech abilities of humans and affects the basal ganglia which is important for fine control of the mouth and larynx

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autosomal dominant

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all of the affected people have an affected parent, males and females are equally affected, and cannot skip generations

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autosomal recessive

answer

males and females are equally affected but can skip generations because the gene can be hidden in the heterozygote

question

sex linked recessive (X chromosome)

answer

males more likely to affected, unaffected daughters of affected males are heterozygous carriers, can skip generations

question

if humans evolved from chimps why haven't chimps turned human

answer

humans did not evolve from chimps rather humans and chimps evolved from a common ape ancestor

question

New world monkeys

answer

found in central and south america, have a prehensile tail for gripping, and the nostrils open towards the side

question

old world monkeys

answer

found in Asia and Africa, no prehensile tail, and nostril open downwards

question

hominoids

answer

apes long arms, short legs and no tails larger brain relative to body size flexible behavior

question

human chromosome 2 in humans

answer

2N= 46

question

human chromosome 2 in chimps bonobos gorillas, and orangutan

answer

2N= 48

question

hominoids

answer

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans, and fossil ancestors

question

hominids

answer

orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans, and fossil ancestors

question

hominin

answer

humans and fossil record ancestors

question

bipedalism in humans

answer

came before larger brains, shift in the foramen magnum, the spine curved to allow for weight to be centered above legs, wider pelvic girdle, angled femur, hallux in line with other phalanges

question

sahelanthropus tchadenis

answer

6-7 MYA, small brain case with a flat face cose to chimps possible human ancestor

question

Ardipithecus ramidus

answer

4.4-5.7 MYA, small brain case, hallux opposable on foot, very large arms and hands, able to walk but can't not run like humans, found in woods

question

Australopithecus afarensis

answer

3-3.9 MYA, small brain case, bipedal walking upright,

question

Laetoli footprints

answer

big toe in line with other toes, beginning of arch, Australopithecus afarensis

question

Lucy

answer

Australopithecus afarensis , 3 year old female that had a similar shoulder blade to human

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A. africacanus

answer

2.4-2.8 MYA, small brain case, Bipedal- known by the position of the foramen magnum

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A. sebidia

answer

1.95-1.78 MYA, small braincase

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Paranthropus

answer

strong jaw muscles, side branch that didn't lead to humans

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Homo habilis

answer

1.6-1.9 MYA, larger brain case, flatter face, bipedal, first evidence of tool use

question

Homo ergaster/ erectus

answer

0.4-1.8 MYA, larger brain case, flatter face, bipedal, pronounced brow ridge, Turkana boy

question

first to leave africa

answer

Homo erectus

question

Homo sapiens

answer

0.1 MYA-present, larger braincase, flatter face, chin, reduced brow ridge, bipedal

question

origin of life

answer

1. abiotic synthesis of organic molecules 2. abiotic synthesis polymers 3. RNA world- enzymes to catalyze reactions, self replication 4. formation of protobionts with membranes

question

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have

answer

2 internal membranes, circular DNA, some ribosomes

question

Cambian explosion

answer

in 10 million years all major animal body plans evolved, prior animals were all soft bodied and unlikely to fossilize

question

new genes new body plan hypothesis

answer

regulatory genes control development and duplication of these genes allow more complex body plans

question

continental drift

answer

land masses attached to plates that float around the surface of the earth, former position of land masses can explain distribution of species

question

mass extinction

answer

occurs when greater than 60% of the species go extinct in less than a million years, followed continuation of survivors

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end permian mass extinction

answer

more than 90% of species went extinct, highest rate of extinction, largely due to the formation of pangea

question

pangeas effect on the end permian extinction

answer

less shallow coastal marine habitat, changes in ocean current and chemistry, more interior land causing drier climates, volcanoes, changes in the atmosphere due to gasses released from earth

question

K-T mass extinction

answer

65% of the species went extinct, demise of all the dinosaurs except the birds, due to an asteroid impact that caused tsunamis, fires, earthquakes, global cooling, and acid rain

question

2 kingdoms

answer

1. plantae 2. Animalia

question

five kingdoms

answer

1. plantae 2. animalida 3. fungi 4. protista- single celled eukaryotes 5. monera- prokaryotes

question

3 domains

answer

1. Eukarya 2. archaea 3. bacteria

question

monera

answer

replaced by archaea and bacteria

question

challenges of land colonization

answer

desiccation or drying out air does not support the same as water reproduction

question

Hox genes

answer

regulatory genes in animals that control the body plan of the animal

question

arthropods adaptations in colonizing land

answer

prevent desiccation by developing a chitin skeleton out of water support by exoskeleton and jointed limbs gas exchange by a tracheal system internal fertilization and eggs

question

tetrapod limbs

answer

hox gene expressed along the length of growing limb

question

polysyndactyly

answer

mutation of Hox 13 gene that gives 6 toes

question

AER limb bud

answer

secret fibroblast growth factor and controls proximal - distal axis

question

ZPA limb bud

answer

secretes sonic hedgehog and controls anterior posterior axis

question

characteristics of animals

answer

eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic no cell walls diplontic life cycle blastula and germ layers

question

diplobasts

answer

have ectoderm and endoderm

question

triploblasts

answer

ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm in the middle

question

coelomate

answer

cavity is lined with mesodem

question

pseudocoelomate

answer

cavity only has one side lined with mesoderm

question

Acoelomate

answer

no cavity

question

choanoflagellates

answer

closest relative to animals

question

4 shared features of chordates

answer

notochord dorsal hollow nerve cord post anal tail pharyngeal slits or cleft

question

Amphibians adaptation to colonizing land

answer

mucus coat to prevent drying legs and heavier skeleton for support on land external fertilization and eggs laid in water

question

amniotes "snakes, lizards, turtles, birds, mammals"

answer

waterproof skin legs and a heavier skeleton internal fertilization with amniotic egg

question

different finch species have different beaks of different sizes and shapes which tells us...

answer

different beak shapes are evidence that over time the finch species adapted to different food sources on the island

question

genetic evidence supports which explanation for the presence of 13 different finch species

answer

many years ago a small population of a single finch species migrated to the island and evolved into the current 13 species

question

comparing the droughts of 1977 and 1985 showed...

answer

both droughts resulted in strong natural selection of medium ground finch populations and both droughts resulted in changes to available foods which favored the survival of some medium sized ground finches over others

question

how did the grants test their hypothesis that differences in the finch songs can keep different species of finches from breeding with one another

answer

they played the songs of medium ground finches and cactus finches through a loudspeaker to see which species responded to each song

question

the film defines species as populations whose members do not interbreed. What keeps finch species from mating

answer

individuals only recognize and respond to songs of their own species geographic isolation and different environments led to changes in traits that affected mating

question

the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives?

answer

bipedality larger brains tool use

question

which of the following statements about Zinjanthropus and Olduvai Hominid number 7 are true

answer

the second skull represents a species more closely related to modern humans than the first skull species

question

supports the the conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chimps and modern humans live 7 MYA

answer

analysis of modern humans and chimp protein and DNA sequences suggest that their lineages diverged 7 MYA

question

which trait was present in the 3 MYA Autralopithecus fossil named lucy

answer

lucy was a bipedal hominid and its discovery provided evidence that bipedality preceded the evolution of larger brain size and tool use

question

scientist know that the hominid called ardi is about 4.4 million years old because

answer

by analyzing volcanic deposits above and below the layer containing Ardi

question

scientists learned from other fossils found in the same sediment layer as Ardi that

answer

Ardi lived in a woodland habitat

question

which of the following is an accurate statement regarding human evolution

answer

1.the fossil record contains animals with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes 2.the first humans evolved in africa 3.in the most recent phase of human evolution there has been a greater reliance in culture

question

which of the following about the K-T boundary are true

answer

1. the K-T boundary separates rock layers of the cretaceous period from those of the tertiary period 2. dates back about 66 MYA when the dinosaurs disappeared 3. the K-T boundary in Zumaia, Spain shows an abrupt change in the marine ecosystem

question

how do foraminifera found in rock layers above the K-T boundary compare to those in the rock layer below

answer

foraminifera above the boundary are smaller and less diverse than those below

question

why did Dr. Alvarez suggest measuring iridium levels across the K-T boundary

answer

he wanted to determine how quickly the layer had been deposited

question

why was the scientific community slow to accept the asteroid impact hypothesis

answer

at the time most geologists thought that the earth's systems changed gradually and not rapidly from major catastrophic events

question

which evidence is consistent with the asteroid impact hypothesis

answer

shocked quartz Iridium tektites or melted rock

question

what was the critical piece of evidence that supported a hypothesis that an asteroid struck earth 65 MYA

answer

the Chicxulub crater in Mexico

question

which effect of the asteroid impact would cause large numbers of different species of animals and plants to die across the entire planet

answer

debris from the impact orbiting earth shielding sunlight and halting photsynthesis

question

which characteristic was not advantageous for organisims in the million years after the catastrophic asteroid impact

answer

large body size

question

lactase breaks lactose down into

answer

glucose and galactose

question

how would biologist describe someone who is lactase persistent

answer

someone who is able to digest lactose as an adult

question

what did researchers discover about genetic mutations that cause lactase persistence

answer

they are found in a noncoding regulatory region (switch) near the lactase gene

question

which discovery best supports the hypothesis that evolution of the lactase persistence trait was driven by the use of milk as a source of adult nutrition in pastoralist cultures

answer

ancient pots used to hold milk are about the same age as the lactase persistence mutations

question

how could milk drinking have provided strong favorable selection for lactase persistence

answer

milk is rich in proteins and fats milk could have been a critical food source during times of famine milk is generally safer to drink than water

question

in which population would the lactase persistence mutation be more likely to increase in frequency over time due to natural selection

answer

population that raises wheat and sheep

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