psych ch 7 Test Questions – Flashcards

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Learning is defined as:
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A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
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Which of the following involves learning?
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Obtaining a college degree Sweeping the floor Feeding the cat All of the above****
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Which of the following does NOT involve learning?
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Fixing your car Riding the bus Finding out what time it is None of the above**
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The phenomenon of learning shuts down when:
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You are sleeping Your are daydreaming Your are hypnotized A-C are correct None of the above****
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The name when repeated exposures to a stimulus influence the subject's responsiveness to it:
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Nonassociative learning
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An example of nonassociative learning is:
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Habituation
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An example of habituation would be:
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You stop noticing the traffic noise outside your apartment window
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An example of habituation would be:
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After eating spaghetti each night for two weeks it does not taste as good as it used to taste
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The discovery of conditioning took place in two separate locations in:
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1898
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In which cities were conditioning discovered?
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St. Petersburg & New York
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Classical conditioning is also called:
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Pavlovian conditioning
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Classic conditioning involves pairing a:
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CS with a US
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There is no ____ in a classical conditioning paradigm according to Pavlov.
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Response requirement
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A stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior learning is called:
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Unconditioned stimulus
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A stimulus that elicits an automatic response with prior learning is called:
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Conditioned stimulus
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An innate reflexive response is called:
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Unconditioned response
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A learned reflexive response is called:
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Conditioned response
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The initial learning of the conditioned response is called:
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Acquisition
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The process when the CS and US occur at the same time.
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Simultaneous conditioning
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The process when the CS precedes the US with no gap between them.
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Delay conditioning
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The process when the US precedes the CS.
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Backward conditioning
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The process when there is a gap between the CS offset and the US onset.
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Trace conditioning
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Who extended Pavlov's work to motor responses and established the basis for avoidance learning?
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Bechterev
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Conditioning that occurs when a CS is paired with an unpleasant US and it causes the subject to try and stay away from the CS is called:
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Avoidance learning
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A biological restriction on how an organism can learn.
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Biological preparedness
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An emotional response caused by the pairing of a CS and US.
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CER
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A strong set of responses which keeps a person away from a particular stimulus. This set of fearful responses is usually termed "irrational."
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Phobia
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Which of the following answers refers to a process to eliminate responding?
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Extinction
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Acquisition is to building up as ____ is to tearing down.
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Extinction
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A biologically based disinclination to associate two stimuli together is called:
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Contrapreparedness
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Which of the following answers refers to Bregman's inability to associate fear conditioning in a child while associating inanimate objects with noise?
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Contrapreparedness
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Once a response has been eliminated through the process of only exposing it to CS presentations, the response may return and again fade away.
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Spontaneous recovery
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This process occurs because not all the stimuli that control a response have been extinguished.
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Spontaneous recovery
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If all the vending machines you use take dollar bills you assume that all vending machines elsewhere also take dollar bills.
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Generalization
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After spending the afternoon with your grandparents and their friends, you are pretty sure what old people are like.
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Generalization If you find that are bagels at Einstein's but only pastries at Starbucks, you have shown:
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If you find that are bagels at Einstein's but only pastries at Starbucks, you have shown:
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Discrimination
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Learning that all you professors are not bearded men with elbow patches on their sport coats.
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Discrimination
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Which of the following is NOT part of the process of learning to be afraid?
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The CS is paired with fear
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Which of the following is NOT part of the process of learning to be afraid?
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Extinction has not occurred
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Which of the following is NOT part of the process of learning to be afraid?
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Only one part of the brain contributes to the fear
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Classical conditioning has been applied to:
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Phobia therapies Drug treatments Animal training Education All of the above***
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Which of the following does NOT involve learning principles during the identified action?
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Reading Driving Web surfing Waiting All of the above involve learning******
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Which of the following techniques are used in behavioral therapy?
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Acquisition Extinction Systematic desensitization Discrimination All of the above***
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This thing is associated with John Watson.
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behaviorism
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This thing is most closely associated with B. F. Skinner.
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operant chamber
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The first person to apply conditioning techniques to advertising was:
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Watson
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A classically conditioned avoidance of a particular food is called:
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Food aversion
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The rules governing food aversions are the same rules that govern all learned behavior.
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TRUE
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What was used as the US in the original Garcia & Koelling (1966) food aversion experiment?
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Radiation
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Which of the following species was used in the original Garcia & Koelling (1966) food aversion experiment?
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Rats
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Which of the following shows a biological contrapreparedness?
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Bright-noisy water and sickness
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Which of the following stimuli did the rats in the original Garcia & Koelling (1966) food aversion experiment learn to associate with sickness?
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Sweet water
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The presence of food aversions is seen widely throughout the animal kingdom, including humans. What general explanation do psychologists take to explain its presence in so many species?
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Evolutionary
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Which of the following treatment programs involves an embedded conditioned link which causes the patient to become sick in particular locations?
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Chemotherapy
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It is possible to classically condition the immune system to enhance its strength.
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TRUE
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It is possible to condition a suppressed immune system reaction
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Yes, it is.
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Which of the following answers refers to a system by which a response becomes associated to its consequences?
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Operant conditioning
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Which of the following people discovered operant conditioning?
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Thorndike
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The first experiments on operant conditioning used ____ subjects.
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Cats
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In the first experiments on operant conditioning, the subjects had to learn how to:
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Escape from a box
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Thorndike's original "Law of Effect" stated that:
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Actions that lead to a satisfying state of affairs will more likely be repeated
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The use of the Skinner Box means that the experimental subjects do not need to be handled during the experiment. Why is this important?
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Because handling the subjects disrupts their behavior
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What is the name for the process by which consequences lead an increase in the future likelihood of the behavior that produced them?
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Reinforcement
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What is the name for the process by which a consequence is dependent upon the subject emitting a particular response?
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Response contingency
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Food is to learning as:
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Reinforcer is to reinforcement
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What is "positive" in positive reinforcement and positive punishment?
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The exposure to a stimulus
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What is "negative" in negative reinforcement and negative punishment?
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The removal of a stimulus
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Reinforcement was given that name because it makes you feel good.
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FALSE
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Punishment was given that name because it makes you feel bad.
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FALSE
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Reinforcement implies:
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That the behavior is being built-up
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Punishment implies:
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That the behavior is being eliminated
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The name for an instance in which a response causes the subject to be exposed to a stimulus. This exposure makes it MORE likely that the subject will behave again in the same way.
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Positive reinforcer
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The name for an instance in which a response causes the subject to be exposed to a stimulus. This exposure makes it LESS likely that the subject will behave again in the same way.
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Positive punisher
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This is the name for an instance in which a response causes the subject to lose access to a stimulus. This loss of access makes it LESS likely that the subject will behave again in the same way.
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Negative punisher
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This is the name for an instance in which a response causes the subject to lose access to a stimulus. This loss of access makes it MORE likely that the subject will behave again in the same way.
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Negative reinforcer
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Which of the following is NOT part of the three characteristics of effective punishment?
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Punishment must be painful
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Which of the following is NOT a problem with the use of punishment?
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It produces emotional behavior It elicits escape and avoidance responses It sometimes models aggression None of the above***
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Which of the following refers to a secondary reinforcer? A stimulus that:
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Has been associated with the primary reinforcer and functions as a reinforcer itself
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Which of the following will control behavior for the longest duration of time?
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A.Primary reinforcer B.Primary punisher C.Secondary reinforcer D.Secondary punisher A & B**
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Behavior modification refers to:
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The application of conditioning principles to change behavior
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Which of the following is NOT a place behavior modification is typically applied?
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Marriage therapy Animal training Education Military All of the above use behavior modification**
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Which of the following works best with a 2 second reinforcer?
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0 second delayed reinforcement
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What is the proper term for a reinforcer that is presented to the subject with no delay after the required response?
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Immediate reinforcement
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Tommy's dad waits to get home before punishing Tommy for cursing during the car ride home.
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Delayed punishment
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If you have seen one rose you have seen them all.
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Generalization
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You believe that you child is the smartest and best kid at daycare. No child could be as could as yours.
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Discrimination
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The term "discrimination" in the field of learning refers to which of the following answers?
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Learned differences between stimulus conditions
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Which of the following two concepts are related through their use in conditioning procedures?
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Extinction & spontaneous recovery
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Which of the following two concepts are related through their use in conditioning procedures?
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Shaping & successive approximations
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Which of the following reinforcement procedures will maintain behavior for the longest period of time in extinction?
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Partial reinforcement
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Which of the following reinforcement schedules procedures a steady high rate of responding?
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Fixed ratio
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Which of the following reinforcement schedules procedures a scalloped pattern of responding?
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Fixed interval
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Which of the following reinforcement schedules procedures a slow and steady rate of responding?
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Variable interval
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Which of the following reinforcement schedules is most closely associated with gambling through slot machines?
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Variable ratio
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There is behavioral evidence that Pavlovian and operant conditioning are two experimental variations of the same learning process despite some differences in brain structure.
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TRUE
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Acquiring information that may be used later is called:
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Cognitive learning
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Suddenly grasping a concept is referred to as:
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Insight learning
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Learning how to get around the mall by only looking at the directory once upon entering it is called:
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Cognitive learning
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Learning by watching other people do things is referred to as:
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Observational learning
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Children often imitate the reinforced behavior of others.
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TRUE
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There is still significant debate about whether and how much media violence actually influences people of any age.
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TRUE
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If media violence causes people to imitate violent behavior then it is due to multiple factors, some of which may not be present for various individuals.
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TRUE
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This helps modeled behavior to occur.
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mirror neurons
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When you learn that the previous thing you learned is no longer relevant.
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extinction
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When each response is followed by a reward.
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continuous reinforcement
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An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):
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reinforcer.
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The thing that is sometimes referred to as a neutral stimulus.
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conditional stimulus.
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The thing that produces a reflexive behavior BEFORE conditioning begins.
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unconditional stimulus.
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When you scream at a child and they do the inappropriate behavior more you know that the screaming functions as a:
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reinforcer
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When a child refers to all the men he meets as "Daddy"
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generalization
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When you learn the visual difference between gold, silver and white-gold.
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discrimination
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Which of the following psychologists developed the Law of Effect?
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Thorndike
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Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with:
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novel tastes.
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Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of:
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cognitive processes.
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Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear butterflies. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning.
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biological predispositions
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Professor Smith tells his students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Therefore, the quizzes will come on a ________ schedule.
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variable-ratio
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The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:
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Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.
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What is the MOST ACCURATE name of the general process you use when training an animal subject to perform a complicated behavior?
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shaping
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Which of the following schedules are most likely to explain the behavior of someone using a slot machine?
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variable ratio
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When Little Timmy whines to his father for candy, he is reinforced for whining because his father gives him the candy. His irritated father was ____ by getting Timmy to be quiet.
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negatively reinforced
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Which of the following terms refers to learning that occurs without any outward sign of behavior change?
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latent learning
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A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):
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specified number of responses have been made.
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Learning:
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enables us to adapt to our environment.
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Children in abusive households sometimes learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of:
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observational learning.
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If your professor only appreciates classroom performance that is flawless, the students may become unmotivated to learn. The professor needs to learn the importance of:
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shaping
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The definition of learning is:
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The process by which a relatively permanent change in behavior occurs
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Which of the following scientists developed the school of behaviorism?
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Watson
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Which of the following statements cannot be rephrased through behavioralese?
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All of the above statements may be converted into behavioralese
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Ivan Pavlov won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work in:
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Digestion
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Pavlov's work gave a scientific basis for the 2,500 year old philosophical tradition that:
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People learn through associations
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The first stimulus presented in a Pavlovian pairing.
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CS
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The second stimulus presented in a Pavlovian pairing.
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US
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Identify which of the following is actually used to assess whether conditioning has developed.
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CR
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Which of the following is not an unconditional response?
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Brake pressing to a red traffic light
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It is very unlikely that ____ exist, especially with respect to adult humans.
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Neutral stimuli
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Which of the following is related to a reduction in responding to the CS?
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Extinction
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Which of the following will develop during the beginning of an extinction phase in a learning experiment?
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Extinction burst
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Whenever untrained stimuli similar to the CS also control the CR.
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Generalization
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Whenever untrained stimuli do not control the CR.
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Discrimination
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This person is associated with the discovery of instrumental conditioning.
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Thorndike
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In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the antecedent?
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The puzzle box
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In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the consequence?
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The food
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In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the manipulandum?
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The latch
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The Law of Effect specifically refers to the:
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Response-consequence relation
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A response-consequence relation always occurs within a:
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Stimulus context
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Both Pavlovian and operant conditioning show the phenomena of:
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Acquisition, extinction, generalization, discrimination, spontaneous recovery
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Which of the following pairs are believed to be conceptually similar across Pavlovian and operant conditioning paradigms?
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A. CS and antecedent B. Behavior and CS C. US and consequence D. US and behavior Both A & C**
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During this decade, B. F. Skinner developed the experimental chamber that is still in use today.
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1930's
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Which of the following is not influenced by a schedule of reinforcement?
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The discriminative capacity of stimuli
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Which of the following is not an example of a fixed ratio schedule?
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Bus schedules
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The definition of learning is:
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The process by which a relatively permanent change in behavior occurs
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Which of the following scientists developed the school of behaviorism?
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Watson
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Which of the following statements cannot be rephrased through behavioralese?
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All of the above statements may be converted into behavioralese
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Pavlov's work gave a scientific basis for the 2,500 year old philosophical tradition that:
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People learn through associations
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The first stimulus presented in a Pavlovian pairing.
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CS
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The second stimulus presented in a Pavlovian pairing.
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US
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Identify which of the following is actually used to assess whether conditioning has developed.
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CR
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Which of the following is not an unconditional response?
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Brake pressing to a red traffic light
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Whenever untrained stimuli similar to the CS also control the CR:
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Generalization
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This person is associated with the development of instrumental conditioning.
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Thorndike
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In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the antecedent?
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The puzzle box
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In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the consequence?
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The food
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In the original puzzle box experiments, which stimulus served as the manipulandum?
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The latch
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Which of the following pairs are believed to be conceptually similar across Pavlovian and operant conditioning paradigms?
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CS and antecedent Behavior and CS US and consequence US and behavior Both A & C
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Which of the following is not an example of a fixed ratio schedule?
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Bus schedules
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Which of the following is not an example of a variable ratio schedule?
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Vending machines
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Identify the positive reinforcer.
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Giving a child candy for speaking politely to grandmother
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Identify the negative reinforcer.
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Giving a child candy for speaking politely to grandmother Receiving a speeding ticket Using a umbrella when it is raining*** Being sent to your room without dinner
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There is overwhelmingly strong evidence for media violence increasing the level of violence in society.
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false
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