CNS final – Flashcard
175 test answers
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Which cranial nerve inervates the iris?
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CN III - occulomotor
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CN III travels through what nucleus of the midbrain which contributes to its parasympathetic function?
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Edinger - Westphals
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Reticular formation of midbrain is located around what?
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Red nucleus
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The red nucleus is divided into an inferior large area called ____ and a highly vascularized superior area called ____
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1.magnocellular 2. paryocellular
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Red nucleus receives it's information from where?
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1. The deep cerebellar nuclei except fastigial 2. Cerebral cortex
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Function of red nucleus
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Contralatteral motor responses in posture and flexor musculature
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Lacated between tegmentum and crus
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Substantia nigra
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What gives the substantia nigra it's black appearance? Present only in what?
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1. Dopamine 2. Mamals
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Parkinsons is associated with drop in ____ in the ____.
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1. Dopamine 2. Substantia nigra
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Ventrolateral aspect of cerebral peduncles composed of descending tracts
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Crus Cerebri
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Descending tracts in crus cerebri (4)
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1. Corticospinal 2. Corticopontine 3. COrticobulbar 4. Corticomesencephalon
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Where do corticomesencephalon fibers terminate?
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CN nuclei III and IV to initiate voluntary movement of the eye
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Pineal tumors account for what percent of brain tumors?
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1%
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Pineal gland is built like a what? Is it fenestrated? What does it secrete?
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1. Endocrine gland 2. Yes 3. Melatomin, seretonin, norepinephrine
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5 major subdivisions of prosencephalon
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1. Third ventricle 2. Epithalamus 3. Thalamus 4. Hypothalamus 5. Subthalamus
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Epithalamus is located where?
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Superior to midbrain tectum
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What 2 structures does the epithalamus contain?
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1. Pineal Gland 2. Posterior commisure
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Another name for the pineal gland
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Epiphysis cerebri
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What does the pineal gland do with age? WHat is this called?
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It calcifies and it is called brain sand
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The roof of the midbrain is called what?
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Tectum
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Cerebral peduncles contain 3 things
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1. Tegmentum 2. Substantia nigra 3. Crus cerebri
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Smalles cranial nerve that originates from midbrain
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Trochlear (IV)
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4 unique characteristics of cranial nerve IV
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1. Smallest 2. Nearest to dorsal midline in origin 3. Crosses over on its way out 4. Runs longest distance in cranial vault
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Apparent origin of CN III is where? Actual origin?
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Ventral from interpeduncular fossa. Periaqueductual gray matter
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The ___ is the most significant relay center for sensory input to the cerebrum. All sensation except what?
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1. Diencephalon 2. Olfaction
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The tectum is ___ to the aquaduct of Sylvius?
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Posterior
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Tectum is made of a quadrigeminal plate made up of 4 what?
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Collicular bodies ( supperior and inferior collicular pair)
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Gray matter surrounding the aquaduct of sylvius contains nuclei for which two CNs?
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III and IV Endorphins and enkephalins
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Cerebral peduncles are ___ to cerebral aquaduct?
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Ventral
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Posterior commissure is responsible for what reflexes?
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Pupillary light reflexes
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The subcommissural organ produces what?
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Aldosterone
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Largest nuclei in the CNS?
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Thalamus
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Included with the thalamus are two bodies? These are classified seperately as the what?
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1. Lateral and medial geniculate bodies 2. Metathalamus
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Thalamus mean what? It is a single structure composed of 2 large gray masses. These are joined together by the ____ (or ____)
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1.Couch 2. Massa Intermedia 3. Interthalamic Adhesion
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The thalamus forms the lateral wall of what?
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Third ventricle
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Lateral to each thalamic mass is what?
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Posterior limb of the internal capsule
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ALl sensory input to the cerebral cortex except ____ is relayed or intergrated in the ___
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1. Olfaction 2. Thalamus
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Thalamus, along with reticular formations helps to do what? (most important function)
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Helps focus attention of the cortex temporarily making areas more receptive than others... concentration!!
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Some apreciation of ___ and ___ are interpreted at the thalamic levels. Something else is needed for complete integration what is it?
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1. Pain and thermal 2. Higher centers (post central gyrus)
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Myelinated fibers that runs through the substance of each thalamis mass which divide them into subdivisions
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Internal medullary lamina
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VPL = ?
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Ventral Posterior Lateral nucleus
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What does the MI mean and what does it do?
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1. Massa Intermedia 2. Divides thalamus into left and right thalamic masses
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Largest part of the thalamus found only in the highest primates?
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Pulvinar
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The hypothalamus forms what? (walls)
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Floor and portions of lateral walls of 3rd ventricle
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Does the hypothalamus work under it's own influence?
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No, influenced by others
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The hypothalamus has vague control over what?
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1. Hunger 2. Thirst 3. Sex
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Hypothalamus controls physiocal aspects of what?
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Emotional expression
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Which area of the hypothalamus controls sympathetic function?
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Posterior nuclei and mamalary bodies
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Parasympathetic control of hypothalamus?
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1. Increases digestive motility 2. Decreases heart rate 3. Constriction of pupils
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Sympathetic control of hypothalamus?
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1. Increases heart rate and vasocontriction 2. Decreases digestive motility 3. Pupil dialation 4. Piloerection 5. Sweat gland secretion
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Endocrine control from hypothalamus? Directly? Indirectly?
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1. Directly via neuron axons into posterior pituitary 2. Indirectly via neurohormones to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
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Nuclei associate with the anterior area of hypothalamus?
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1. Supraoptic 2. Paraventricular 3. Suprachiasmatic 4. Anterior 5. Preoptic
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These nuclei send axons down through the infundibular stalk via the supraopticohypophyseal tract
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Surpraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
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Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei terminate where? WHat 2 hormones do they release?
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1. Posterior pituitary 2. Oxytocin and ADH
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Nucelus responsible for circadian cycles? Which gland is it complexly connected to?
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1. Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) 2. Pineal Gland
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Nuceli responsible for thermoregulation especially when the body heats up.
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Preoptic nuclei
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Nuclei known for parasympathetic function
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Anterior nuclei
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Nuclei associated with the intermediate area of hypothalamus
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1. Dorsomedial nuclei 2. Ventromedial nuclei 3. Arcuate nuclei 4. Tuber cinereum
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Nuclei that controls parasympathetics of the GI tract
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Dorsomedial nuclei
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Nuclei responsible for satiety or fullness?
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Ventromedial nuclei
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Nuclei that contributes to the tuberoinfundibular tract. Unlike other tracts that descend to the pituitary this group of axons does what?
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1. Arcuate nuclei 2. Terminates and secrete their neurohormones into perivascular spaces of infundibular stalk
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Term used to describe the underlying undulating bulge between infundibular stalk and mammilary bodies
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Tuber Cinereum
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The posterior area of the hypothalamus includes what nuclei?
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1. Mammilary bodies 2. Posterior nuclei
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Nucleu important for short term memory
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Mammilary bodies
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A nuclei that is a thermoregulator: especially as the body cools down, stimulating shivering.
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Posterior nuclei
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The ___ area of the hypothalamus is knows for diverse sympathetic actions.
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Posterior
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General name applied to tracts going from the hypothalamus to the stalk or pituitary gland
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Hypothalamohypophyseal tracts
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WHich tract releases releasing factor hormones?
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Tuberuinfundibular tract
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The posterior pituitary AKA what? Develops from what?
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1. Pars nervosa 2. Neurohypophysis
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The anterior pituitary, AKA ___, and the intermediate pituitary are made from what?
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1. Adenohypophysis 2. Rathke's pouch
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Where does the posterior pituitary receive its influence?
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It receives its influence directly from neurons that go down into it. Which neurons? 1. Paraventricular 2. Supraoptic 3. Tuberinfundibular tracts
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WHere does the anterior pituitary receive its influence?
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Directly from the blood stream
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Located just under the lateral ventral aspect of the thalamus?
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Subthalamus
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3 nuclei associated with the subthalamus
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1. Parvocellular region of red nucleus 2. SUperior portion of substantia nigra 3. Subthalamic nuclei (corpus luysi)
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Subthalamis nuclei, AKA what? Is it part of pyramidal or extrapyramidal system?
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1. Corpus Luysi 2. Extrapyramidal
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Subthalamic nuclei sends and receives fibers to and from the ___ and the ___ form the telencephalon
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Globus and pallidus
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Lesion of the subthalamis nuclei may cause what?
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Ballism or hemiballism
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What is ballism or hemiballism?
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Forcefull flinging movements of shoulders and or hips
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Right and left telencephalon is __ the same __ diffrent
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1. Anatomically the same 2. Functionally diffrent
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Cerebral cortex AKA what?
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Pallium
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An underlying mass of white fibers in the telencephalon
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Centrum semiovale
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Deep within the white matter are collections of neuron cell bodies called what?
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Basal ganglia
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Largest lobe? Smallest lobe?
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1. Frontal lobe 2. Occipital lobe
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General function of telencephelon?
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1. Final intergration of neural mechs 2. Initiation of voluntary mouvements 3. Memory and associative memory 4. Abstract thinking
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Most abstract thinking is centered in the prefrontal region. Which areas in particular?
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1. Brodmann areas 9-12 2. Parietal lobes
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Total surface area of diencephelon. Two thirds of this area is found where?
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1. 2.5 square feet 2. Down in the sulci
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Thickness of the pallium?
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1.5 to 4.5 mm
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What is thicker: the gyrus cortex or the sulcus cortex?
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Gyrus cortex
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The total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex
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100 billion
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The neocortex, AKA ___, occupies what percent of the cerebral cortex?
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1. Isocortex 2. 90%
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Two ancient parts that occupy 10 % of total cerebral cortex
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Allocortex
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6 common laminae of the cerebral cortex (external to internal)
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1. Molecular Lamina 1 2. External granular 2 3. External pyramidal lamina 3 4. Internal granular 4 5. Internal pyramidal 5 6. Multiform (fusiform) lamina 6
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Lamina 1
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Molecular or Plexiform
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Lamina 2
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External granular
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Lamina 3
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External pyramidal
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Lamina 4
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Internal granular
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Lamina 5
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Internal pyramidal
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Lamina 6
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Multiform or Fusiform
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Lamina located in the centrum semiovale
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6
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Outer most lamina and nearest to the pia mater?
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Molecular lamina 1
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Lamina 1 is filled with what?
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Synaptic activity
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Small, closely packed granular neurons. Axons extend into deeper lamina of the same cortex area.
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Lamina 2 : external granular layer
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Sometimes calles the intracortical association area.
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Lamina 2 : external granular layer
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Lamina with small pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies
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Lamina 3 : External pyramidal layer
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In lamina III, axons extend out of the cortex to the ___ and then returns to gray matter of same hemisphere.
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White matter
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Intercortical association layer
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Lamina III: external pyramidal layer
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Two lamina called the associative lamina
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External granular and external pyramidal
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Specific thalamic inputs arive here in this lamina
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Lamina IV: Internal granular layer
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Lamina IV is well developed in ___ areas
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Sensory areas
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Contains large pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies even the giant betz cells
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Lamina V : Internal pyramidal layer
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Axons project to other brain and cord centers (corticobulbar, corticospinal)
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Lamina V : Internal pyramidal layer
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Layer that has quite a mixture of incoming and outgoing fibers
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Lamina 6 : Multiform layer
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These 2 lamina are sometimes called the projection lamina
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5 and 6
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2 lamina where our great thinking capeabilities take place
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2 and 3
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What is alexia?
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Deficiency of reading ( number 39 lesion)
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What is agraphia?
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Deficiency of writting ( number 39 lesion)
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Area confined to the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
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Area 4
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No other area provides more fibers to the pyramidal system. It functions to initiate voluntary movements, epecially of the distal extermities, facial and oral musculature
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Brodmann area 4
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Giant betz cells reside in this area only
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Area 4
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The cortex of broadmann area 4 has well developed which laminas?
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5 and 6
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Intertwined along the complex post cental gyrus of the parietal lobe is what?
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Broadmann areas 1, 2 and 3
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What is the function of area 1, 2 and 3?
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Somesthetic input. Pain, thermal, deep touch, light touch, vibratory and kinesthetic input
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Areas 1, 2 and 3 have well developed efferents from ____ and ____. Three lamina are also well developed.
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1. VPL and VPM 2. IV, V, VI
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Since areas 1, 2 and 3 have a well developed lamina V and VI, it also contributes to what kind of fibers?
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Pyramidal fibers: voluntary motor initiation
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Two areas located just in front of area 4 and are somtimes called the premotor regions
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Broadmann area 6 and 8
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Area 6 is best known for what?
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Influence on the proximal portions of our extremities (4 is our distal portion of extremities)
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Areas 6 and 8 are also motor intitiation centers. They also contribute fibers to what?
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Pyramidals
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Brodmann area 8 does what?
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Initiates voluntary movement of the eyes
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Area number 8 stimulates upper or lower motor neurons? Which CNs are effected?
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1. Lower motor neurons 2. III, IV and VI
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Areas 9, 10, 11 and 12 are responsible for what?
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1. Thought elaboration 2. abstract reasoning 3. imagination 4. emotions
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Which two lamina are well developped in areas 9, 10, 11 and we?
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II and III
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Lamina II and III are called what?
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Associative cortex
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Broca's speech area is which broadmann's area?
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44
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Afferent fibers stream into BrocaMs from these two lobes
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Parietal and temporal
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Broadmann's area 44 directs neurons from which other area?
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Area 4 (works on face and oral musculature) Thse two areas work together to form speech
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Loss of power to communicate through writting, speaking or signing.
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Aphasia
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Lesions in Broca's area may result in a condition called what?
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Motor aphasia
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Partial loss in the ability to communicate?
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Dysphasia
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What side of the brain is speech dominant in?
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Left
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The visual cortext constitutes which brodmann areas? Where is it located?
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17, 18, 19, occipital lobe
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Which area lies within the calcarine sulcus and is the primary visual cortex? Where does it receive its input?
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Area 17, lateral geniculate body
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Area 17 had a white band running through lamina ___. Another name for area 17 is what?
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1. IV 2. Striate cortex
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Area 18 and 19 functions
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Memory storage for visual sensation
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What may a lesion in broadmann's area 18 and 19 lead to?
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An inability to correlate present images with past experiences : prosopagnosia
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Broadmann's area known for the primary auditory cortex. Where is it located? ... It's in the superior temporal gyrus in an area called what?
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1. Area 41 2. Heschl'a area
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An area that surrounds area 41 and extends nearly into the pareital lobe. It is known as wernicke's area.
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Broadmann area 22
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Function of Wernicke's area
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1. Formation of written word 2. Underlying structure of an utterance (also involves in hearing memory)
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A leasion in Wernicke's area could result in a diffrent manifestation of what?
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Dysphasia
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Broadmann's areas that synthesize memory and sensation into creative function such as reading, writting and language in general
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5, 7, 39, 40
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Areas 5, 7, 39 and 40 are found in what lobe?
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Parietal
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Lesions in area 39 (angular gyrus) may result in what dysfunctions?
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1. Alexia (reading) 2. Agraphia (writting)
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Area thought ot be a gustatory center
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43
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Two brodmann areas assoicated with olfaction
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34 and 28. Located in the uncus and parahippacampal gyrus respectively
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Basal ganglia: Deep nuclei
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1. Caudate nucleus 2. Putamen 3. Globus pallidus 4. Amygdaloid
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Putamen and globus pallidus together are called what?
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Lenticular nucleus
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The caudate and the putamen nuclei are located in the what?
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Neostriatum
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Three nuclei in the corpus striatum
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1. Caudate 2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus
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Striatal lesions normally lead to what?
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Dyskinesia : muscle tone disturbances
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Three examples of striatal lesions
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1. Tremor 2. Chorea 3. Ballism
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In huntington's chorea, the striatum begins to deteriorate and produces a deficiency of what neurotransmitter?
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GABA
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Ballism, can be the result of lesions in the subthalamic nuclei as well as the what?
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Globus pallidus
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Which 2 nuclei make up the neostriatum?
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Caudate and Putamen
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Nuclei of the corpus striatum play a mojor role in regulating what?
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Movement
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The caudate is continuous with which other nuclei by gray matter bridges?
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Putamen
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Afferent fibers come into the caudate from where?
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1. All lobes of the cortex 2. Thalamus 3. Substantia nigra 4. Putamen
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Efferent fibers come out of the caudate to go where?
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1. Putamen 2. Globus Pallidus 3. Substantia Nigra 4. Thalamus
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Most lateral aspect of the corpus striatal nuclei
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Putamen nuclei
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Afferents of putamen nuclei?
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Same as caudate, including caudate
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The nigrostriatal arch, an afferent fiber of the putamen, contains what?
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Dopamine
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Two nuclei that are dysfinctional in parkinsons disease?
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Putamen and Caudate
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Efferents of putamen nuclei
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Same as caudate
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