Rad bio unit 6-8 – Flashcards
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What is the difference between the tools required to pull a CherryLock rivet and a CherryMax rivet?
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CherryLock rivets require a tool for each different size and head shape, while one pulling tool will set any size Cherry Max rivet. JSAT 2-41
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What are the multiple functions of cells in the body ?
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Move. Grow. react. Protect themselves. Repair damage. Regulate life process. Reproduce
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What happens if a cell is damaged?
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It may behave normally or die
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What are somatic cells
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All the cells in the body except the oogonium and the spermotogonium
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What is a germ cell?
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Reproductive cells (oogonium and spermaatogonium
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Cells are made of ?
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Protoplasm
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What does protoplasm do?
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Carries on the process of metabolism. Receives and processes food and oxygen. Eliminates waste.
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What does protoplasm consist of ?
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Organic and inorganic compounds
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What are organic compounds
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Carbon. Hydrogen. Oxygen
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What are inorganic materials
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Compounds that do not have carbon
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What percentage of protoplasm is water ?
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80-85%
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What percentage of protoplasm is protein?
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15%
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What percentage of protoplasm is nucelic acids and carbs ?
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1%
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What percentage of protoplasm is lipids ?
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2%
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What are the major organic compounds?
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Proteins. Carbs. Lipids. Nucelic acids.
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What are the most important inorganic substances?
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Water and mineral salts
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What does proteins do ?
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Essential for growth of new tissue and repair of injured tissue .
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How many different amino acids does proteins synthesis involve?
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22
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Where are structural proteins found ?
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Muscles
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What do enzymatic proteins affect?
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Rate of chemical reactions.
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What does proper cell function depend on?
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Enzymes
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What do repair enzymes do
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Mends damaged molecules and help repair cells that are exposed to small amounts of ionizing radiation
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What can proteins function as
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Hormones and antibodies
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What do hormones do
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Regulate body functions such as growth and development
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What are hormones
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Chemical secretions manufactured in endocrine glands and carried in the bloodstream to influence activities of other parts of the body
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What are antibodies produced by
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Specialized cells in the bone marrow called b lymphocytes
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When are antibodies produced
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When other lymphocytes detect a foreign object called antigens
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What are carbs also referred to as
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Saccarides
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What do carbs include
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Starches and various sugars
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What is the primary source of energy for the cell
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Glucose (monosaccharide)
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What is the primary purpose for carbs
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Provide fuel for cell metabolism
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Where are carbs most abundant
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Liver, muscle tissue, and intercellular material
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What are lips also called
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Fats
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What are the constitutes of amino acids from which proteins are built
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Fatty acids
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What are the functions of lipids
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Long term energy storage. Insulate. Protect organs . Lubricate joints. Assist with digestion
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What are nucleic acids
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Very large complex macromolecules
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What are the two types of nucelic acids
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Dna and rna
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What is dna
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Contains all info the cell needs to function. Carries genetic info for cell replication
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What is rna
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Messenger between dna and ribosomes . Plays role in the translation of genetic info from dna into protein products
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What is dna composed of
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Two long sugar phosphate chains . Double helix configuration and are linked by pairs of nitrogenous Orangi bases
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The master cell contains ?
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All info the cell needs to function. Genetic info for cell replication. Genetic code
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What does the master cell do
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Regulates all cellular activity to direct protein synthesis
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What does messenger RNA do
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Communicates between dna located in the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm
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What reproduces the genetic code as mRNA
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DNA
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How is mRNA different from DNA
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Contains sugar molecule ribose. Pyrimidine base uracil replaces thymine .
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What does mRNA carry from cell nucleus to the ribosomes , at the site of synthesis
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Genetic code
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transfer RNA combines with what
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Amino acids
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What travels along mRNA linking tRNA and corresponding Amini acids in the correct order to produce the appropriate protein
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Ribosomes
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What are chromosomes composed of
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Protein and dna
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How many chromosomes in each somatic cell
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46 different chromosomes. 23 pairs
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How many chromosomes does reproductive cells have
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23 different chromosomes
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What is contained in long thread like structures called chromosomes
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DNA
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When are chromosomes visible
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Only in dividing cells
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What are centromeres
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Arms - extensions
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What is diploid
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2n = 46 = somatic cell
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What is haploid
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N = 23 = germ cells
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What does each gene contain
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A finite segment of dna
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What does each gene contain information responsible for ?
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Directing cytoplasmic activities. Controlling growth and development of the cell. Transmitting hereditary info.
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What is the basic unit of heredity
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Gene
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What are some examples of inorganic compounds
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Acids. Bases. Salts
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What is the primary inorganic substance in the body
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Water
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What is the function of water within the cell
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Site of metabolic activity. Keeps compounds dissolved and concentration regulated
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What is function of water outside of cell
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Transport of materials . Maintaining body core temperature 37c. Lubricate digestive system and skeletal articulation . Protects organs
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What does the cell consist of
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Cell membrane. Cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic organelles. Nucleus.
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What does cell membrane do
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Encases cell. Composed of lipids and proteins . Bouncer between intercellular and extracellular fluid and its contents
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What does nucleus do
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Controls cell division and biochemical reactions
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What are suspended in the cytoplasm
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Organelles
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What is the site of metabolic functions; anabolism (build up) and catabolism (break down) or organic compounds
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Cytoplasm
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Where does protoplasm exist
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Outside the cells nucleus
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What are the major tasks of cytoplasm
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Builds up materials and assembles. Breaks down organic material to produce energy. Packages substances to distribute to other sites . Eliminates waste
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What are cytoplasmic organelles mini cellular components that enable cell to function in a high organized manner
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mini cellular components that enable cell to function in a high organized manner
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What is endoplasmic reticulum
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Double membrane network branching tubules and vesicles throughout the cytoplasm
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What does ER enable
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The cell to communicate with extracellular environment. Transfers good and molecules within cell.
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ER contains ?
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Ribosomes
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What are the two types of ER
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Smooth and agranular
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What is the Golgi apparatus involved in
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Carbohydrate synthesis . Package. Transport enzymes and hormones through cell membrane.
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What is lysosome
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Breaks down proteins , dna and carbs.
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Exposure to radiation may
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Induce lysosomal enzymes to digest itself
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What is the actual site of protein synthesis
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Ribosomes
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What plays a role in the formation of spindle fibres during cell division
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Centrioles
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What is nucleoplasm
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Spherical mass of protoplasm
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What manufacturers and holds RNA and protein inside the ribosomes it contains
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Nucleolus
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What assists in the manufacturing of proteins when RNA is released into the cytoplasm
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Nucleolus
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What does nucleus control
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Cell division and multiplication
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What are the two cell divisions
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Mitosis and meiosis
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What is mitosis
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Division of somatic cells.
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What is meiosis
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Division of germ cells
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What happens in mitosis
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Parent cell forms 2 daughter cells
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What is the period of cell growth that occurs before mitosis
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Interphase
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What process reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
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Meiosis
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Biologic damage from exposure to ionizing radiation can be observed on what 3 levels
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Molecular. Cellular. Organic
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What level does radiation damage always begin at?
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Molecular level
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What does molecular damage result in
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Structurally changed molecules that may impair cellular functioning
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Damage to germ cells may result in
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Future mutated generations
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Where are ionizations and excitations produced in
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Biologic macromolecules or in water
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Effect of radiation can be classified as
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Direct or indirect
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When is direct action
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Ionizing particles interact with a vital biologic macromolecules such as dna
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What is indirect action
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Ionizing particles interact with a water molecule
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When is direct action more likely to occur with
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High LET radiation
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What macromolecules can radiation damage
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Dna, RNA, proteins and enzymes
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What results in a x ray photon ionizing a water molecule
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A water molecule with a positive charge and free electron. HOH+ and e-
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What results in a free electron combining with a stable water molecule
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Negative water ion . The positive and negative water molecules are unstable . HOH-
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What do the positive and negative water molecules break apart into
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Ion pairs. Hydrogen and hydroxyl radical. H+ and OH* . Or hydroxyl ions and hydrogen radial . OH- and H*
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What are free radicals capable of
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They are highly interactive and are capable of breaking chemical bonds to capture another electron
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What is two thirds of radiation induced damage caused by
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Free radicals
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How does free radicals cause damage
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By transferring their excess energy to other molecules
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What can free radicals combine with
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Each other to form molecules such as hydrogen peroxide or hydroperoxyl radical. (2 most damaging)
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Is damage direct or indirect when free radicals act in molecule such as DNA
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Indirect cause it is not the radiation itself that is causing damage
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What causes the damage
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Byproducts of ionizing radiation
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Free rads produced during radiolysis may cause damage to macromolecules this is direct or indirect ?
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Indirect
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What is more likely direct or indirect action?
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Indirect because body is 80% water
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What are the effects of ionizing radiation on DNA
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Single , double break. Double strand break in same rung of dna. Mutation. Covalent crosslinks
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What is a point mutation
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Energy from ionizing radiation that is transferred to DNA molecule resulting in disruption of phosphate bond on one side rail or strand
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Are single or double strand breaks more common with high LET
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Double strand
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What do double strsnd break in the same rung of dna result in
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A cleaved or broken chromosome. During each cells division each daughter cell receives incorrect amount of genetic material
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What is mutation a result of
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Interaction with high energy radiation
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What is consequence of mutation
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Alteration of nitrogenous base sequence. May not be reversible
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What are covalent cross links
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Chemical unions created between two atoms by the single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
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What is interstrand
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Molecule sticky extensions resulting in attachment to other macromolecules
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What is intrastrand
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Attachment to other segments of the same macromolecule chain
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What are covalent cross links caused by
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Direct action intimated by high energy radiation or indirect action at low energies
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When are radiation induced chromosome breaks seen
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During metaphase and anaphase
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What can chromosomal fragment breaks do
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Rejoin original configuration. Fail to rejoin and create lesion . Join to other broken ends to create new chromosomes
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What is chromosome aberration
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Chromosome damage that occurs before dna synthesis
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When does chromosome anomalies occur
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Early interphase
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What are consequences to cell from. Structural changes in biologic tissue
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Restitution (95%). Deletion (result in mutation). Broken end rearrangement (cell mutation). Broken end without visible damage to chromatids.
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What is target theory
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Used to explain cell death and nonfatal cell abnormalities caused by IR
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Damage to nucelus can result in?
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Death. Reproductive death. Apoptosis. Mitotic or genetic death. Mitotic delay. Interference with function. Chromosome breakage
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What is acute dose
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Total dose of rad administered over short period of time that recovery is impossible
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What is instant death
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Tissue is irradiated with an acute dose of about 1000 Gy.
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What is reproductive death
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Irradiation in the dose range of 1 to 10 Gy. Cell may still metabolize
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What is apoptosis
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Cells die before attempting mitosis, during interphase. Occurs spontaneously in healthy and diseased tissue
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What is mitotic death
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Delay in mitotic process or permanently inhibit mitosis
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What is mitotic delay
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Dose of 0.01 Gy to a cell just before it enters division can cause failure of cell to start dividing on time
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What are causes of mitotic delay
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Alteration of chemical involved in mitosis . Required protein for mitosis not being synthesized. Change of date of dna synthesis after irradiation
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Exposure of ionizing radiation may result in interferenxe of cell function is?
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Cell interference
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Are highly differentiated cells more or less sensitive
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Less radiosensitive because they divide at a slower rate
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What factors influence cells radiosensitivity
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LET. Oxygen enhancement . Dose rate
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What are examples of radio insensitive cells
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Brain, muscle , nerve cells
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What are examples of radio sensitive cells
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Basal cells of skin. Blood cells. International crypt cells. Reproductive cells
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As LET increases , the ability of the radiation to cause damage ?
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Increases
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The radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to ?
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Their reproductive activity
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Infants are more or less sensitive than adults ?
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More
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Who and when was the radiosensitivity classification scheme redefined by
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Rubin and casarett in 1968
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What is dose rate
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Radiation dose delivered per unit time and measured in Gray's per hour
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What is fractionation
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A rad dose administered in combination with smaller doses with time between
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What phase are cells most sensitive
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Metaphase and dna synthesis
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When are cells less sensitive
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During preparatory period for dna synthesis and during dna synthesis
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What is hematologic depression
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Ionizing radiation decrease number of cells in peripheral circulation
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What can radiation cause a decrease in?
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Number of immature blood cells produced in bone marrow
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What can repopulate after a period of recovery time
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Bone marrow cells
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How much time for low dose of bone marrow cells
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Within weeks
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Moderate dose of bone marrow cells ?
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More time
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What cells are more radiosensitive than the circulating mature cells
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Stem cells
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What happens when you get a high dose to your whole body
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Irradiation death. Body can't fight infection due to destruction of myeloblasts and by internal hemorrhage due to destruction of megakaryoblasts
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What happens when you get a whole body dose of 5 gyt (500 rad)
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Death within 30-60 days
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What are the effects of ionizing radiation on lymphocytes
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Dose of 0.25 gyt or less = complete recovery. Dose of 0.5-1 gyt = lymphocytes decreases to 0 several months recovery
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What are effects of ionizing radiation on neutrophils
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Dose 0.5 = reduces number in blood. Dose of 2-5= depletion of 10% or less
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What are effects of ionizing radiation on granulocytes
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Temp increase in number then rapidly decline . Take two months to recover
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What are effects of ionizing radiation on thromocytes
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Small dose will deplete in number . Bigger dose will cause depletion require two months to recover
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Epithelial tissue cells are less or more radiosensitive
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Very radiosensitive
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What sv is associated with 4% mental retardation
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0.1 available (10 rem) EqD
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What does a dose of 2 Gy or higher cause to reproductive cells
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Spermatogonia reduce , may cause permanent sterility
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Between the ages of 12-50 yrs , one mature ovum is expelled from the ovary every how many days ?
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28 to 36 days
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When are ovaries less sensitive
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Ages between 20-30
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After age 30 the sensitivity increase or decrease in ovaries ?
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Increases due to destroyed ova not being replenished
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What amount of dose cause permanent sterility in females
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5 Gy t
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What amount of radiation will cause genetic mutations in females menstrual cycle
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0.1 gyt (10 rad)
