question

Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult's body

answer

60%

question

Choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adult male's body

answer

4%

question

Insensible fluid loss refers to water loss through

answer

perspiration and experation

question

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the

answer

interstitial compartment into the blood

question

What would a deficit of plasma proteins likely cause

answer

decreased osmotic pressure

question

What would cause edema

answer

increased capillary permeability

question

What would be related to an elevated hematocrit

answer

fluid deficit

question

What is a typical sign of dehydration

answer

rough oral mucosa

question

What is the term for a combination of decreased circulating blood volume and excess fluid in a body cavity

answer

third-spacing

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of sodium ion

answer

it is a cation

question

What is a common cause of hyponatremia

answer

excessive sweating

question

What do both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia cause

answer

cardiac arrhythmias

question

What does increased parathyroid hormones cause

answer

increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract

question

What does hypocalcemia lead to

answer

3,4

question

What causes tetany

answer

increased permeability of nerve membranes

question

In which of the following is phosphate ion not a major component

answer

blood clotting

question

Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH

answer

7.4

question

When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? It

answer

decreases

question

What is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance

answer

kidneys

question

Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range

answer

the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate must be 1:20

question

Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations

answer

increased carbonic acid

question

What is likely to cause metabolic acidosis

answer

prolonged diarrhea

question

What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate

answer

metabolic acidosis

question

Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis

answer

pH is below normal range

question

When excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body, serum

answer

bicarbonate ion levels decrease

question

What does acidosis cause

answer

CNS depression and drowsiness

question

Compensation in the body for dehydration would include

answer

increased ADH

question

Emphysema impairs expiration causing the acid-base imbalance

answer

respiratory acidosis

question

In patients with emphysema and impaired expiration, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance, would be

answer

decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate

question

An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to

answer

decreased pCO2

question

Young infants are more vulnerable to serious dehydration because

answer

limited renal compensation

question

Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be

answer

1,2

question

Metabolic acidosis leads to

answer

hyperkalemia

question

Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in

answer

hypovolemia

question

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis

answer

seizures

question

What is an arrangement of the chromosomes from an individuals cell, organized in pairs in descending order or size, called

answer

a karyotype

question

What is the probability of two parents, both carriers of a defective recessive gene, producing a homozygous child (with each pregnancy)

answer

25%

question

Down syndrome is an example of a/an

answer

chromosomal disorder

question

What is an example of a multifactorial congenital disorder

answer

cleft lip and palate

question

Which of the following statements regarding Down Syndrome is TRUE

answer

the typical physical characteristics are present at birth

question

The laboratory practice of changing DNA sequences in microorganisms is called

answer

genetic engineering

question

Developmental disorders can result from all the following EXCEPT

answer

folic acid

question

Which of the following can easily pass through the placental barrier

answer

all of the above

question

The most invasive prenatal screening test for fetal abnormalities is

answer

amniocentesis

question

Blood tests are primarily performed on neonates in order to

answer

commence immediate treatment for metabolic abnormalities

question

What is a lateral curvature of the spine called

answer

scoliosis

question

What is/are common local signs of osteomyelitis

answer

a red, swollen area, pain increasing with movement

question

Which of the following might fluid and electrolyte deficits cause in a patient with anorexia nervosa

answer

cardiac arrhythmias

question

Acne vulgaris can best be described as an infection involving the

answer

sebaceous glands and hair follicles

question

Which statement applies to testicular cancer

answer

it often develops from untreated, undescended testes

question

Which of the following would confirm reduced normal linear growth during adolescence

answer

abnormally thin epiphyseal plate in X-ray

question

Three factors common to metabolic syndrome include

answer

presence of significant abdominal fat mass, changes in glucose metabolism and changes in lipoprotein metabolism

question

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because

answer

insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction

question

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels

answer

aldosterone

question

Which statements apply to atrial naturetic peptide

answer

1,3

question

The effect of increased sodium concentration in the blood

answer

increased blood volume

question

Aldosterone helps to regulate

answer

sodium

question

Common effects of the expanding uterus during pregnancy include all the following EXCEPT

answer

abdominal pain

question

What is the usual cause of hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes during pregnancy

answer

the mothers blood is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive

question

Adolescent pregnancy is often considered high risk because of

answer

all the above are correct

question

The term primigravida refers to

answer

a women who is pregnant for the first time

question

Diagnosis of pregnancy is confirmed through elevated serum levels of

answer

hCG

question

Which of the following statements apply to eclampsia

answer

blood pressure is very high and seizures may occur

question

Place the following statements regarding Rh incompatibility in the correct sequence

answer

3,5,6,1,4

question

What is the usual time period between the first day of the last menstrual and the time of birth

answer

the gestation period

question

Which of the following indicates development of pregnancy-induced hypertension

answer

persistent blood pressure measuring above 140/90

question

What is the likely cause of painless, bright red, vaginal bleeding during the last trimester

answer

placenta previa

question

Which of the following is a serious complication of abruptio placentae indicated by low serum levels of clotting factors

answer

DIC- disseminated intravascular coagulation

question

During which time period do teratogens cause major developmental damage to organs

answer

first 2 months

question

Edema and congestion normally develop in many tissues during pregnancy due to

answer

increased blood volume

question

gestational diabetes in the mother usually results in

answer

delivery of high birth weight infant

question

Predisposing factors to osteoporosis in older women include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

decreased parathyroid horomone

question

Vision in the elderly may be impaired when the lens of the eye becomes larger and less elastic, resulting in

answer

presbyopia

question

Senescence refers to the period of the time when

answer

cell death exceeds cell replacement

question

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the increasing lifespan of the general population

answer

reduced cognitive and social activities

question

Recommendations to reduce the risk factors and the progression of osteoporosis with aging include

answer

maintaining walking and weight-bearing exercise

question

With advancing age, the major change in the cardiovascular system involves

answer

vascular degeneration leading to arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

question

Which of the following may develop in an elderly patient who has several medical problems and is markedly obese

answer

a,b,c

question

Which of the following frequently causes decubitus ulcers

answer

inadequate circulation at pressure points

question

What is a major factor predisposing to pulmonary infection in immobilized patients

answer

stasis of secretions in the lungs

question

Which of the following is/are common effect(s) of prolonged immobility in children

answer

a,b,c

question

Prolonged immobility may predispose to_________in the kidneys

answer

any of the above

question

The major problem associated with immobility and the gastrointestinal tract is

answer

constipation

question

Which of the following apply to orthostatic hypotension associated with prolonged immobility

answer

a,b

question

Lung expansion in the elderly may be reduced because of decreased

answer

1,2,4 tissue elasticity rib mobility skeletal muscle strength

question

What is a major factor leading to increased occurance of cancer in the elderly

answer

cummulative exposure to carcinogens

question

All of the following changes are associated with aging EXCEPT

answer

decreased secretion of hormones

question

Theories about the causes of aging include

answer

apoptosis wear and tear altered protein (amyloid) accummulation degenerative changes in collagen or elastin fibers

question

The term given to the change that occurs in women at around age 50 with the cessation of menstuaral cycle is

answer

menopause

question

All are phsiological changes that occur with aging EXCEPT

answer

reduced bladder capacity and incomplete bladder emptying

question

Which of the following factors lead to delayed wound healing in the elderly

answer

1. reduced rate mitosis 2. inadequate circulation 3. high risk of infection

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