Neurology Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Anterior/Posterior
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Closer to the front side/closer to the back side
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Superior/Inferior
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Above, further from the ground/ below, slower to the ground
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Superficial/Deep
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On or near the surface/further from the surface
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Medial/Lateral
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Toward the midline/away from the midline
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Rostral
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Toward nose
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Caudal
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Toward tail
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Dorsal
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Toward back
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Ventral
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Toward belly
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Sagittal Slice
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Separates right half from left half
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Coronal Slice
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Separates front from back
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Horizontal Slice
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Separates top from bottom
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Transverse Slice
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Showing the middle of object at an angle
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Efferent Nervous System
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From CNS to body
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Afferent Nervous System
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From body to CNS
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Gyrus
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Hill
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Sulcus
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Valley
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White Matter
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Made up of axons, in the inside of the brain and on the outside of the spinal column
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Grey Matter
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Made up of cell bodies, on the outside of the brain and on the inside of the spinal column
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Neocortex
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-90% -newest -6 layers of cells -80% excitatory neurons -20% inhibitatory interneurons
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Allocortex
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-10% -oldest -3-5 layers of cells
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Basal Ganglia
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Network of structures that form a ring around the thalamus and control movement/body position, sense of direction/distance, inhibitors, and the reward center
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Limbic System
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Form a ring around the brainstem; control emotion memory and learning processes Includes - hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus
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Hippocampus
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Long term memory
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Cingulate Gyrus
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Feeling reward/punishment
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Amygdala
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Agression and fear
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Olfactory Bulb
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Smell
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Hypothalamus
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Behavior, homeostasis, metabolic functions, ANS
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Thalamus
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Relay station between brain and senses (NOT SMELL), regulates emotion, attention, and consciousness
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Pituitary Gland
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Regulates blood pressure, water balance in body, sex organs
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Pineal Gland
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Melatonin (for sleep)
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Sylvian or Lateral Fissure
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Separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobes
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Longitudinal Fissure
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Line that divides the right and left hemisphere
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Brainstem Parts
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All information to and from the body-brain passes through the brainstem -Midbrain -Pons -Medulla
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Lobes of the Brain
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1. Frontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Occipital Lobe 4. Temporal Lobe 5. Insular Lobe
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Frontal Lobe
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Motor/Speech; higher executive functioning; judgement
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Parietal Lobe
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Spatial information; attention; sensory
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Occipital Lobe
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Vision
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Temporal Lobe
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Language; comprehension; auditory; memory
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Insular Lobe
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Homeostasis; emotion
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Precentral Gyrus
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Primary motor strip
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Postcentral Gyrus
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Primary sensory strip
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Homunculus
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Neutral representation of motor and sensory info maps onto the body
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Corpus Callosum
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Connects the right and left hemisphere; made of white matter
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8 Core Concepts of the Brain
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1. Brain interconnectivity 2. Centrality of CNS 3. Hierarchically organized levels 4. Laterality organized 5. Functional networking 6. Topographical organization 7. Plasticity 8. Culturally neutral brain
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Brain Interconnectivity
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Brain is connected to itself; there is constant interactivity for information integration
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Centrality of CNS
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Decision maker, integration of incoming/outgoing information, analyze/synthesize information, generates a response
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Hierarchically Organized Levels
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Complexity increases with ascending level (Lowest level = spinal cord) (Highest level = cerebral cortex)
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Laterality Organization
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-bilateral anatomic symmetry (except enlarged left temporal planum) -unilateral function differences -contralateral sensorimotor control
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Functional Networking
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Distinct parallel pathways conducting different types of information (Sensory fibers = touch) (Motor Efferent = limbs)
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Topographical Organization
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Selectivity of organization
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Plasticity
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Brain's ability to reorganize and modify due to adaptations from external/internal changes
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Culturally Neutral Brain
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Impartiality -Brain potential is independent of gender, race, and culture -Variations in size , shape, and weight -Differences don't change functionality
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Brain and spinal cord; enclosed within the meninges and BBB. Responsible for higher cognitive functions
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Peripheral nerves and associated ganglia; found outside the meninges and BBB
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Part of PNS, control involuntary actions (like heart racing, mouth drying), affects glands and smooth muscles, survival
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3 Division of ANS
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1. Sympathetic 2. Parasympathetic 3. Enteric
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Prepares you body for action -Flight -Fight -Fright -Fornication
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Conserves energy -Salivation -Lacrimation (crying) -Urination -Defecation
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Enteric Nervous System
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Runs the gut - digestion; very little input from the CNS
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Somatic Nervous System
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The somatic system is the part of the PNS that is responsible for carrying motor and sensory information both to and from the CNS.
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Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
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Insulation of capillaries in brain so blood does not mix with cerebrospinal fluid
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Meninges
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Membranes that envelop CNS to keep in cerebrospinal fluid; provides supporting framework for CNS vessels; 3 layers of protection
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3 Layers of Meninges
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1.Dura Mater (dense, most protective) 2. Arachnoid Mater (like a spider web, in the middle) 3. Pia Mater (softest, adheres directly to brain/spine)
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Cell Membranes
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Made up of pumps, channels, and an impermeable phospholipid bilayer
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Neurons
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Primary nerve cells of CNS. Process info, specialize in communication. Have excitable membranes, dendrites, soma, axons, carry electical currents, capable of chem transmission.
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Types of Neurons
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-Sensory Neurons: receive info (translate info) -Motor Neurons: provoke behavior (move muscles) -Interneurons: support staff, organized as networks for perception, cognition etc.
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Parts of a Neurons
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1. Cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) 2. Soma 3. Axon 4. Dendrite 5. Mitochondrion
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Soma
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-Cell body of neuron -Functions = protein synthesis and cell maintenance
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Axon
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-Originates at axon hillock, ends at axon terminal; branches into synaptic terminals -Function = conducts electric signal away from cell body
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Dendrites
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-Covered in receptor proteins -Function = receive chemical messages across synapses
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Mitochondrion
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Organelles that produce ATP
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ATP
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Cell's energy source; produced by mitochondrion
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Receptors
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Consisting of molecules located on cellular surface; binds to neurotransmitters which travel across synaptic cleft
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Transporters
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Gated cell membrane channels gated by electric potential or neurotransmitters. Flow of ions depend on density of channels, size, ion concentration gradient, and electrical gradient
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Glial Cells
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Cells that provide support for the brain -Structural support -Chemical support -Insulation (myelin) -Debris removal -Form BBB -Development (guide neuron migration and growth) -Information processing
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Myelin Sheath
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Sheath of lipid and cell membrane wrapped around an axon and contributes to speed of impulse transmission
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Resting Potential
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A neuron "resting" is when it is not generating an electrical impulse but has the potential to act; intracellular cytosol is about 70mV more negative than extracellular (more K, less Na)
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3 Forces that Act on Ions
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Concentration, Concentration Gradient, & Electrical Force
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Concentration
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Ions will move from a higher concentration of that ion to a lower concentration of that ion
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Concentration Gradient
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-Difference in concentration of molecules in space. -Resting potential means more K+ in and more Na+ out
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Electrical Force
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OPPOSITES ATTRACT. Negative ions move toward positive charges and positive ions move toward negative charges
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Electrical Current
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Current is the movement of charged ions. Electric current is the language of neurons
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Sodium Potassium Pump
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Protein machine in the membrane that actively pumps against concentration gradient. Pump continually kicks 3 sodium for every 2 potassium ions it brings in
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Nongated Sodium or Potassium Channel
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Channels that are specially designed to only allow these ions to pass through the membrane. There are more potassium channels than sodium channels. Pumps for ions opposite of concentration gradient to maintain concentration
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Depolarization
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Inside of cell becomes less negative (or more positive like -50mv)
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Polarization
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Resting Potential (-70 mv)
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Hyperpolarization
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Inside of cell becomes more negative (-80 mv)
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Action Potential
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How electrical messages are transmitted within the neuron; a rapid change across neural membrane caused by movement of ions
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Synaptic Vesicle
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Found within synaptic terminals - filled with neurotransmitters that mediate connection between cells - small bubbles that transport material to terminal
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Postsynaptic Receptor
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Membrane of postsynaptic cell; contains receptor proteins, the sites for binding neurotransmitter molecules
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Neurotransmitters
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Help regulate brain mechanisms that control cognition, language, speech, moods, attention, etc. Released at a synapse and transmits a signal across neurons
