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Founder of modern nursing, 1st nursing theorist; Set the standards for nursing education; 5 environmental factors to health: pure/fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, light (especially sunlight)

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Florence Nightingale

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Canadien teacher, Responsible for creating nursing theories; Organized the nursing school at John Hopkins Hospital Initiated policies that included limiting the number of hours in a day's work and wrote a textbook to help student learning

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Isabel Hampton Robb

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Army nurse, including psychiatric nursing, Gave premier definition of nursing

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Virginia Henderson

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Slave; Cared for sick and soldiers during the Civil War; Worked for the women's movement

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Sojourner Truth

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Housekeeper in Boston hospital; Graduated as the first African American nurse

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Mary Elizabeth Mahoney

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Established the Red Cross

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Clara Barton

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Founder of Associate Degree Nursing Education; Alleviated a critical shortage of nurses by decreasing the length of education to 2 years

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Dr. Mildred Montag

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Name the levels of Nursing education

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LPN RN Diploma Associate Degree Baccalaureate Degree Master's Degree Advanced Practice Doctorate

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The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

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The premier definition of nursing

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Aims (or scopes) of Nursing practice

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1. To promote health 2. To prevent illness (immunizations) 3. To restore health (taking care of pts in hospitals/homes) 4. To facilitate coping with disability or death (care for the dying)

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Examine the characteristics of a profession and relate them to nursing

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Body of knowledge - knowledgeable to care for pts Service orientation - providing a service to the pt Specialized education - being able to specialize in a certain field Autonomy - to work independently Code of ethics Ongoing research - constantly increasing Professional association - ANA, NLN, NSNA Commitment to care

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What provides the basis for nursing care?

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A strong knowledge base on which to base nursing action (this is what helps you think critically)

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What is a theory?

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A group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality (One person's thoughts/perspectives on making sense on the world)

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Why is it important for nursing to have a theoretical foundation?

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Provides definition and knowledge of the field of nursing (helps define)

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How does theory impact practice?

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Keeps patients at the center of caring

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What is a concept?

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Building blocksof theory

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What is the nursing process?

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Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation

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What is evidence-based practice?

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Is a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions using the best evidence available It is the importance of using scientific evidence to develop guidelines for nursing care.

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What are the steps for evidence-based practice in nursing?

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1. Ask a question (ask clinical questions using the PICO format P=Patient, population or problem of interest, I=Intervention of interest, C=Comparison of interest, O=Outcome of interest) 2. Collect the most relevant and best evidence: Level 1 being the strongest, Level 7 being the lowest 3. Integrate the evidence with clinical expertise, patient preferences, and values in making a decision to change 4. Evaluate the practice decision or change

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Name specific functions of a nurse

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Caregiver Communicator Teacher Client-advocate Counselor Change-agent Leader Manager Researcher

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Which function of a professional nurse is the primary role of the nurse, to provide care to the patient that combines both art & science of nursing to meet physical, emotional, intellectual, socio-cultural, and spiritual needs?

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Caregiver

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Which function of a professional nurse is the use of effective interpersonal and therapeutic communication skills to establish and maintain helping relationships with patients of all ages in a wide variety of healthcare settings?

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Communicator

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Which function of a professional nurse is the use of communication skills to assess, implement, and evaluate individualized teaching plans to meet learning needs of patients and their families?

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Teacher/Educator

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Which function of a professional nurse isthe protection of human or legal rights and the securing of care for all patients based on the belief that patients have the right to make informed decisions about their own health and lives?

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Client/Advocate

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Which function of a professional nurse is the use of therapeutic interpersonal communication skills to provide information, make appropriate referrals and facilitate the patient's problem-solving and decision-making skills?

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Counselor

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Which function of a professional nurse is someone who makes a change in a hospital setting?

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Change-agent

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Which function of a professional nurse isthe assertive, self-confident practice of nursing when providing care, effecting change, and functioning with groups?

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Leader

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Which function of a professional nurse isthe participation in or conduct of research to increase knowledge in nursing and improved patient care?

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Researcher

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What is the difference between medical care vs. nursing care?

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Medical Care: - Identifies disease - Describe medical problems for which the MD directs the primary treatment - Oriented towards curing - Remains the same as long as the disease is present Nursing Care: - Identify human response to the disease - Problems treated by nurses as independent functions - Changes day to day based on the client's needs and condition

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What type of care directs care toward the holistic needs of the client and coordinates care among healthcare professionals?

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Manager of care

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What type of care is the provision of care to clients that combines both the art and the science of nursing in meeting physical, emotional, intellectual, sociocultural and spiritual needs?

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Provider of care

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Which professional organization is for RNs in the US, where its mission is to be involved in public education, clinical nursing standards, and lobbying state and federal lawmakers to advance the profession of nursing? It addresses ethics, public policy, and the economic and general welfare of nurses?

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ANA - American Nurses Association NOTE: It is more government/legal orientated, cares about the economic impact

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Which professional organization is open to all people interested in nursing, including nurses, non-nurses, and agencies? Its objective is to foster the development and improvement of all nursing services and nursing education. It conducts the largest professional testing for potential students and achievement testing to measure student progress. Primary source of research data about nursing education, conducting annual surveys of schools and news RNS. Provides voluntary accreditation for educational programs in nursing

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NLN - National League for Nurses NOTE: Who we get accredited through

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Who is the national organization for students enrolled in nursing education programs? Students practice self-governance, advocate for student and patient rights, and take collective, responsible action on social and political issues.

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NSNA - National Student Nurses' Association

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Discuss standards of nursing practices

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Standards allow nurses to carry out professional roles, serving as protection for the nurse, the patient, and the institution where healthcare is given. Each nurse is accountable for his/her own quality of practice and is responsible for the use of these standards to ensure knowledgeable, safe, and comprehensive nursing care.

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collects comprehensive data pertinent to the patient's health or the situation

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What is assessment?

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evaluates progress toward attainment of outcomes

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What is evaluation?

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analyzes the assessment data to determine the diagnoses or issues

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What is diagnosis?

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identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the patient or the situation

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What is outcomes identification?

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develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcomes

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What is planning?

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What type of authority regulates the practice of nursing?

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State Nurse Practice Acts

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Laws established in each state are to: - Regulate the practice of nursing - Protect the public by defining the legal scope of nursing practice, excluding untrained or unlicensed people from the practice - Create a state board of nursing to enforce rules and regulations, define activities for nursing and establish criteria for education - Define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs - Establish criteria for the education and licensure of nurses

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Explain the Nurse Practice Act

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What are the ANA Guidelines for Standards of Care?

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Assessment Diagnoses Planning Implementation Evaluation

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What are the ANA Guidelines for Standards of professional performance? (what you are held accountable for)

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Quality of Care Performance appraisal Education Ethics Collaboration (working w/different drs) Collegiality (working w/peers, partners) Research Resource utilization (working effectively)

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What can I do to promote my own socialization to the nursing profession?

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Join organizations Networking Conferences

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- Facilitates decisions about lifestyle that enhance quality of life & encourage acceptance of responsibility for one's own health - Increase health awareness - Teaches self-care activities to maximize achievement of goals - Provides information and referrals

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Promoting health

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- to reduce the risk for illness - to promote good health habits - to maintain optimal functioning - provide information on educational programs in area - community programs and resources that encourage healthy lifestyles literature, tv, radio, internet info on health habits - health assessments in institutions, clinics & community settings

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Preventing illness

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-focus on the individual with an illness and range from early detection of a disease to rehabilitation and teaching during recovery - performing assessments that detect an illness - Referring ?s and abnormal finds to other healthcare providers - Providing direct care of the patient (giving physical care, administering medications, and carrying out procedures and treatments)

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Restoring health

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Facilitate patient and family coping with altered function, life crisis and death Facilitate an optimal level of function through maximizing the person's strengths and potentials, thru teaching, and thru referral to community support systems

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Facilitating coping with disability and death

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Name four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice

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1 The person (patient) 2. The environment 3. Health 4. Nursing

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Describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems".

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General Systems Theory

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Is the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions

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Adaptation theory

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Outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death

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Developmental theory

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One examines a general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas

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Deductive reasoning

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One builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas

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Inductive reasoning

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Differentiates nursing form other disciplines and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices

answer

Nursing theory

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