question

There are many reasons why researchis important to the nursing profession. What is the ultimate goal of nursing research? a. Documents financial effectiveness of care b. ensures credibility of the nursing profession c. promotes evidence based practice in nursing d. provides accountability for the nursing profession

answer

Promotes evidence based practice in nursing.

question

There are different roles for nurses invovled in research based on their level of education. Which best describes the role of the BSN=prepared nurse in research? a. Collaborates with other nurses to design research studies b. Critiques research studies and applies research t oclinical practice c. Develops policy based on nursing research findning d. Assumes the role of primary investigator in a research study

answer

b. critiques research studies and applies research to clinical practice

question

What is true of replication studies i nursing?

answer

Replication studies are necessary for validation of nursing theory.

question

What is nursing's branch of the NIH (ntl Inst of Health)?

answer

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)

question

Which are sources of nursing research problems? a. existing theories b. previous research studies c. personal experiences d. all of the above

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d. all of the above Existing theories, previous research studies, and person experiences are all sources of nursing research problems.

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Nurses can expand their knowledge of research by a. participating in or set up a journal club b. attend research participation c. help develop an idea for a research study d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Nursing has historically acquired knowledge from an assortment of methods. Wich method has nursing used to generate new ideas and knowledge? a. tradition b. personal experience c. intuition d. all of these

answer

d. al of these Nursing uses many methods to generate new ideas and knowledge, including Tradition, Personal Experience, and Intuition.

question

An approach used to acquire nursing knowledge that describes life experiences is classified as

answer

qualitative research

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Nursing research is the key to providing high-quality health care. Through the process of conducting research, nurses a. ask questions that come up in daily practice that need answers b. provide data that document the effectiveness of nursing care c. build a body of knowledge unique to the nursing profession d. all of these

answer

d. All of these. - Through the process of conducting research, nurses ask questions that need answers, provide data documenting the effectiveness of care, amd build a bod of knowledge unique to the nursing profession.

question

The purpose of research is to: a. describe of explain b. predict c. control d. al of the above

answer

d. all of the above The purpose of nursing research is to describe or explain, predict, and control.

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Triangulation refers to the process of a. reaching agreement amont members of a research team on identity of concepts of themes b. collecting data through different research approaches c. abstracting themes into constructs d. examining problems to gain knowledge about improving patient care

answer

b. collecting data through different research approaches

question

The research process may be best characterized as a. a way of assigning people to groups b. a set of steps to be carried out in the prescribed order c. a set of rules that must always be followed d. a decision-making process that attempts to guard against making false interpretations

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d. a decision-making process that attempts to guard against making false interpretations

question

In some situations, a researcher obtains informed consent without asking the subject to sign his or her name on a written consent form. This may be done to protect the subject's: a. human dignity b. anonyminity c. right to self determination d. confidentiality

answer

b. anonymity

question

Which of the following potential research participants have diminished autonomy and are incompetent to give informed consent? a. cognitively impaired older adults b. mentally ill c. children d. all of the above

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d. all of the above Cognitively impaired older adults, the mentally ill, and children are incompetent to give informed consent for research because they have diminished autonomy.

question

A researcher wants to determine if nurses' levels of empathy for patients change after graduation from nursing school. She measures new graduates, nurses who have worked for 2 years, and nurses who have worked for 4 years as regards to their empathy for patients and compares their scores. This study is: a. prospective b. retrospective c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal

answer

c. cross-sectional

question

A researcher is interested in why some elderly patients are discharged when considered not medically stable. The researcher reviews charts of patients who have been discharged in order to explore factors that occurred during the hospitalization and relate these to status at discharge. This study is: a. prospectiev b. retrospective c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal

answer

b. retrospective

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What is the first step associated with evidence-based practice? a. critiquing the literature b. identifying the problem c. implementing a change d. evaluating the change

answer

b. identifying the problem

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Protecting human rights in a research study include the folowing except: a. right to freedom from risk of injury b. right to privacy c. right to anonymity and confidentiality d. right to payment for participating

answer

d. right to payment for participating

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In the heirarchy of reseatrch evidence, what is cosnidered the strongest piece of evidence? a. case studies b. expert opinion c. case control studies d. randomized clinical trials

answer

d. randomized clinical trials

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Which of the following strategies when practicing evidence-based nursing is most amenable for students and staff nurses? a. replicating previous research studies b. reading and understanding published research reports c. prepare an integrative lit review or meta-analysis d. devoting a specific amount of time workign with an est researcher

answer

b. reading and understanding published research reports

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Decisions to change practice based on the evidence should include: a. relevance b. consistency c. sample characteristics d. all of the above

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. all ov the above Decisions to change practice based on evidence should include relevancy, consistency, and sample characteristics.

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How do we assure protetcion for the subjects in a study?

answer

Informed consent and IRB oversignt

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Evidence based practice validates a. current practice b. changes in practice c. cost eff and quality care d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above. Evidence-based practice valdates current practice, changes in practice, cost effectiveness and quality care.

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T/F: Evaluating the strength of the evidence presented in the research article is not important.

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False

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T/F: This course will help me be a good consumer of research?

answer

True

question

Why is Research Important in Nursing?

answer

- integral part of nursing activities - develop, refine, expand nursing science - lcinical thinking and decisions on scientifically documented info

question

Nursing has its own body of knowledge, which focuses on

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health and wellness

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Knowledge

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- essential info acquired in a variety of ways - expected to be accurate reflection of reality - incorporated and used to direct a persons actions`

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Ways of Knowing

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- traitions - authority - borrowing - trial and error - personal experience - role modeling - intuition - reasoning: inductive, deductive - research

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Inductive reasoning

answer

large (general idea) to specific conclusion

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Deductive

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specific (small) to generalization

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The Scientific Method- essential characteristics

answer

- scientific inquiry - objectivity - empirical data

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Scientific Inquiry

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proces sin which observabe, verifiable data are systematically collected from our surroundings through our senses to describe, explain, or predict events *observe, verify, collect to describe, explain, predict

question

5 Research Approaches /types

answer

1. Quantitative 2. Qualitative 3. Outcomes research 4. Replication 5. Triangulation

question

Quantitative Research

answer

test hypothesis (question), gather data, analyze

question

Qualitative Research

answer

verbal description of individual- observations, case studies

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Outcomes research

answer

- Particularly useful to nursing - Looking for change in patient's outcome (improvement, positive outcome)

question

Replication

answer

*very important verify/validity- generalize OR adapt results

question

Triangulation

answer

use multiple perspectives ex- quantitative and qualitative

question

Nurses Research Roles

answer

Bachelor's Degree: some (consumer) Master's Degree: clinical nurse leaders, admin, adv prac Practice-Focused Doctoral Degree (DNP)- adv prac nurse Research Focused Doctoral Degree phD Postdoc Preparation

question

BSN Researchse role

answer

- read, understand, interpret, apply research findings into clinical practice - understand Evidence based nursing practive - ID research problems - assist w data collection - critique research studies - transfer and implement knowledge into practice

question

What can you do to promote integrity of nursing science?

answer

- journal clubs, attend research presentations, help develop idea for research study, offer clinical expertise into a proposal, collaborate with researchers, member of IRB, promote nursing research in your organization

question

Duties of member of research team

answer

- data access data management publishing

question

NINR

answer

National Institute of Nursing Research. 1993 Part of NIH Mission: promote and improve health of indiv families comm and pop - Supports clinical, basic and translational research to build the scientific foundation for clinical practice, prevent disease and disability, manage and eliminate symptosms caused by illness, ehanve palliative and end of life care and train the next gen of scientists

question

NINR Priorities

answer

- Health promotion and Disease Prevention (in 88: just health promotion) - Advancing the quality of life- symptom management - Palliative and end of life care - Innovation tech and genomics science 88: tech dependency across lifespan - Investing in Nurse Scientists

question

Nursing research is essential to

answer

the development and refinement of KNOWLEDGE used to IMPROVE CLINICAL PRACTICE

question

Research findings need to be viewed as the vehicle for helping to determine the best way to

answer

improve clinical practice

question

The problem solving process is

answer

not synonymouse with the research process. * quality improvement v research

question

Ways of knowing within the discipline of nursing cme from

answer

several diff approaches

question

Scientific inquiry is different from other types of inquiry in that data is

answer

collected, analyzed, and reported

question

Throughout the process of identifying and refining a research question, three general criteria should be considered to determine whether a questions is worth pursuing: the research question should be:

answer

Important Answerable and Feasible

question

What is Research?

answer

- to search again - to examine carefully - diligent and systematic inquiry - discovery of new know;edge - discovery of relastionships and associations - finding of solutions to programs and questions

question

4 Purpose of Research

answer

- Describe - Explain - Predict - Control

question

5 Steps of the Research Process

answer

1. Selecting and defining the problem 2. Selecting a research design 3. Collecting data 4. Analyzing data 5. Using the research findings

question

The research Process- Step 1: Selecting and Defining the Problem

answer

- must be significant to =nursing - add to body of existing knowledge - problem arises from practice - review of literature provides backr=ground, rationalte, and justification for study - develop research question/hypothesis

question

2. Selecting a Research Design

answer

- overall plan or strcture for planning to answer research questions and/or test hypothesis - identify METHODS for selecting the sampe, testing, and measurement * Control findings- consistency/vaidity

question

Step 3. Collecting Data (Methods)

answer

- data collection - organizing data for analysis

question

Step 4. Data Analysis

answer

- analyzing and interpreting results; arriving at conclusions

question

STep 5. Utilizing the Research Findings

answer

- sharing the findings with colleagues - implications for practice, consider if it will be implemented

question

2 types of quantitative research

answer

1. Experimental 2. Non-Experimental

question

Experimental Research

answer

First type of Quantitative Research. - control group and research group *Quasi- experimental: no control group - Researcher manipulates and controls one or more variables and observes the effect of the manipulation on other variables

question

Non-Experimental Research

answer

Second type of Quantititavie Research - Descriptive - Correlational - Retrospective v. prospective - Cross sectional v longitudinal - Researcher collects data without introducing treatment or making changes. STudies are more descriptive in nature. Describes relationships.

question

Retrospective study

answer

Look at data after

question

Cross sectional research

answer

Done once

question

Longitudinal research

answer

Done over time

question

Prospective research

answer

Use past medical records- look at what happened before??

question

Organization of a Research Report (8)

answer

1. Title 2. Abstract 3. Introduction 4. Literature Review 5. Methods 6. Results 7. Dsicussion 8. Results

question

2 areas of Ethical Consideration in nrusing research

answer

1. rights of human subjects 2. freedom from harm

question

Rights of Participants in Research Studies

answer

1. COnfidentiality: protecting all data collected within the scope of a research study 2. Anonymity: keeping indiv nameless in relation to their participation 3. Voluntary parcipation 4. Research Particpants at Risk 5. Informed Consent

question

Research Participants at Risk

answer

a basic resp of the researches and those assigned to assist in carrying outthe study is to protect all research participants from harm while they are participating in a study. inorm of risks

question

Informed Consent

answer

process of prov an indiv with sufficient information regarding their participation in a research study

question

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

answer

1932- US Public Health Study - non therapeutic experiment - promised free medical care African Americans in Macon Alabama - study progression of syphilis in Af Am men - not informed they had syphilis or that treatment (penicillin) existed that could cure. treatment withheld, men told they were being cured - 28 die, 100 die of complications (of 400) 40 women infected, 19 children born w/ syphilis - exposed and ended in 1972

question

Helsinki

answer

declarations about human rights

question

How were rights violated in Tuskegee SYphilis study?

answer

- not informed about purpose of study - coudn't give informed consent - not protected from harm or informed of risk - Posed as experiment when actually descriptive study - treatment withheld- if there is aknown treatment, cannot deny treatment

question

Human Rights

answer

right to freedom from intrinsic risk of injury including freedom from exploitation. - right to privacy and dignity - right to anonymity and confidentiality - ANA 1975: Human rights guidelines for nurses in clinical and other research roles

question

Human Dignity

answer

respect for persons - right to self determination: CONSENT - participation and withdrawal at any time - NO coercion: stipends, payment of incentives - covert data collection= NO -right to full disclosure - no deception or misinforming

question

covert data collection/concealment

answer

collecting info without particpants knowledge and thus without consent

question

deception

answer

either deliberately witholding information about the study or providing false information to participants

question

Vulnerable population/research subjects

answer

- Special enrollment criteria to include in studies - studies must be minimal risk - children, pregnant, elderly, minorities, phys disabled, unconscious or sedated, dying, poor/homeless, HIV/AIDS, institutionalized people, prisoners, mentally or emotionally disabled persons ***Problem: only upper to mid class healthy adult caucasian men/women can participate in high risk studies! How can these results/studies be interpreted/translated to ither poplations?

question

Ethical Principles

answer

- beneficence: above all do not harm - freedom from harm and exploitation. risk-benefit ratio - Justice: right ot fair treatment even if decide to not partipate or wthdraw - right to privacy

question

Anonymity

answer

researchers can't link participant to data

question

Confidentiality

answer

indiv info can't be publicly reported - lock data or info collected - use code numbers, psuedo names - aggregate data reporting - careful protection of all data

question

How do we assure protecton for research participants

answer

1. Informed Consent 2. IRB

question

Information components of consent

answer

1. introduction of research activities 2. statement of res purpose 3. selectino of subjects 4. explanatino of procedures 5. description or risks and discomforts 6. description of benefits 7. disclosure of alternatives 8. assurance of anony and conf 9. offer to answer questions 10. voluntary participation 11. option to withdraw 12. consent to incomplete disclosure

question

IRB

answer

Institutional Review of Research Committee - Provides an external review of ethics, dimensions of proposed research - significance of study, soundness of design - Evidence that rights are protected - Mat also be known as HUMAN SUBJECTS committeed - Guidelines for eval the protectnoi of human rights in research

question

Research studies are classfied based on:

answer

the purpose of the study and degree of control

question

Ethical principles relevant to nursing research were originally derived from ___ ___ and ___ of ____

answer

Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki

question

Basc rights of human subjects include:

answer

right to freedom rom injury right to privacy and dignity right to anonymity and confidentiality

question

Informed consent includes the elements of

answer

adequate disclosure, comprehension, and protection from human rights

question

Characteristics of Evidence Based Practice (EBP)

answer

- critical appraisal of best available research findings - probem-solving approach that takes into account the nurse's current clinical experience - patient preferences, concerns, and expectations integrated into clinical decisions

question

Evidence based practice vs research utilization

answer

Terms are oten used synonomously, there is a distinct difference 1. Research utilization: process whereby knowledge generated from research becomes incorporated into practice 2. EBP: includes definition of research utilization, but integrates clinical expertise with best available evidence

question

Problems with research utilization

answer

- resarch findings not always incorp into practice - not always clear who benefits from research - diff language used (research and clinicians) gaps between research- practice

question

Evidence-based practice validates

answer

- Current practice - Changes in practice - Cost effectiveness - Quality of care helps form policy

question

Steps associated with EBP

answer

1. Selecting a topic and formulating a clinical question use knowledge focused triggers b problem-focused triggers 2. Forming a Team indiv working in cinical setting/multidisciplinary team 3. Tracking down the best evidence What do we know about current evidence.. databases eg MEDLINE 4. Appraising the evidence critically

question

Step 1 (EBP). Selecting a topic and Formulating a Clinical Question

answer

1. Knowledge focused triggers: ideas gen by staff. research, E and P guidelines published by fed agencies or organizations 2. Problem focused triggers: caregivers/staff. quality improvement data. risk-surveillance, benchmarking, financial data. recurrent clinical problems

question

Background Questions (EBP)

answer

Who (is experiencing problem?- describe population) What Where (setting) How (is it being addressed/current practic) Why (reason for current practice)

question

Ways we try to develop and ask questions

answer

Organizational data: measured within orga and reported- compared to national standards. eg- patient falls. Record, report, compare to benchmark and ID areas to improve. Why do we di it like this? is it working? How can we do itbeter?

question

Foreground Questions- PICO Model

answer

- Specific knowledge to inform clinical decisions more formal. P= patient I= intervention C= comparison O= outcome Form CLinical question and examine differente after applying evidence

question

(EBP) 2. Foming a Team

answer

Include critical staff members that are involved in selecting the topic, view it as contributing significantly Composition of a team, key stakeholders ID

question

(EBP) Step 3- Tracking down the Best Evidence

answer

- search search search - Evidence databases- Medline, the Cochrane Library, National Guideline Clearing House, Agency for Healthcare Reearch and Quality, etc

question

Cochrane, Ntl Guideline, AHRQ

answer

Guidelines. Take research papers and combine to form guideline

question

Medline

answer

search peer reviewed research from many journals

question

Clinical Practice Guideline/Specialty Specific

answer

* pt based or prob based problems use best avail research practice developed by indiv w/in specialty mechanisms to assess clinical roblem strategies for management of problem and reductions in inapp practice var statements to assist practitioner decisions about app health care for specific circuumstances evaluate patient and fam outcomes and produce the delivery of hi qual ebp health care developed systematically w preresentation from as many interested parties as possible tested by professionals uninvolved in their development for easabikity reviewed reularly and midified

question

EBP Step 4- Appraising the research crictically: Heirarch of Research Evidence

answer

1. Meta analysis of randomized clinical trials (strongest) 2. Individual randomized clinical trials 3. Inidvidual cohort study 4. outcomes research(loko at particular probs) 5. Individual case-controlst iud 6. Case studies (weakest) 7. Expert opinions (weakest)

question

Decision to Change practice

answer

Prac changes based on evidence Consider- relevancy, consistency, sample characteristics, feasabikity, risk0benefit ratio, translation

question

a movement that has developed to assist healthcare professionals to base their care on best research possible

answer

Evidence based practice

question

incorporates the use of theory-derived and research-based knowledge

answer

Evidence- based nursing

question

There is ___ in use of findings in clinical practice

answer

DELAY

question

____ ___ ___ follows several steps: asking the ight questions, tracking down the right evidence, evaluating the evidence critically and then integrating this evaluation with patient values and circumstances.

answer

Evidence based Medicine

question

It is important to share research based information evidence and findings with patients and families

answer

T

question

Must consider ethical implications

answer

T

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