question

Mus

answer

musculus (common house mouse)

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order

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rodentia

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family

answer

muridae

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Mice

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over 500 outbred and inbred strains

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mice colors

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albino, black, brown, agouti, gray, peibald

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Adult mice weight

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25-40 grams

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Mice have three main genetic catagories

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Isogenic strains: inbred strains F1 hybrids and outbred stocks

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Mice: Outbred

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large colors where matings are random between unrelated males and females, considered heterogeneous

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Isogenic strains of mice

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clones, genetically homogeneous, after 20 generations the probability of homozygosity is more than 98%. F1 = first progeny of 2 inbred strains. Hybrid virgor makes them hardier.

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Common inbred strains

answer

C57BL, Balb/c, c3h, c57bl/6j

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Inbred mutant strains

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nude, deficient in t cell lymphocytes, have b cells and natural killer (nk) cell lymphocytes, severe combine immunodefficent, lack both t and b cells but have nk cells. Used in oncology research. Accept transplanted human and murine tumors

question

Nude mice

answer

used to study tumor growth, metastasis, and anticancer compound efficacy

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Addition types of mice

answer

transgenic; rodents that carry and express foreign genetic material knockout; scientists can remove a gene and either study the loss of function animal model or can replace it with an other gene. Aided in the study of genetic diseases

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4 ecological types of mice based on microbiologic status

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Germ free or axenic (no detectable microflora) Gnotobiotic (associated known microflora) Specific pathogen free Conventional (undefined microflora)

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Cesarean in mice

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done if infected with known pathogen or unknown health status, procedure is performed at day 19 or 20

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Why mice are most valuable in research

answer

short life span, short gestation, large liter size, great genetic diversity, mutant strains allow for a variety of animal models, inexpensive, easy to maintain

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Mouse behaviour

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social, housed in groups, barbering (removal of hair/ whiskers) territorial, nocternal, build nests

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dental mus

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1 incisor, 3 molars, incisors are open rooted.

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inside a mus

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divided stomach: nonglandular forestomach and glandular stomach lungs: consist of 1 large left lobe and 4 small right lobes Brown fat tissue for non shivering thermogenisis

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outside a mus

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5 pairs of mammary glands, open inguinal canal (ring where testis drop from body, closed during castration) os penis sex mice through distance between anus and genital papilla (1.5x greater in males)

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Hemological profile of mouse

answer

lymphocytes are the primary leukocyte (WBC) Basophils (another white blood cell) rarely every found Mature males have a higher granulocyte (WBC that fights bacterial infections) count

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Mus Urinary profile

answer

7.3-8.5 ph and specific gravity of 1.058 taurine (amino acid/protien) and creatine are also found in urine

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Mus breeding practices

answer

monogomos, polygamist,must bring female to males cage due to female territory issues, once bred females will not accept a male for 21 days

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Whitten effect

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females introduced to a male, or male odor begin to cycle, 40-50% will go into estrus within 72 hours

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bruce effect

answer

pregnant female mice will abort if they smell males within 4 days of breeding

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lee-boot effect

answer

group housed females may be induced into a psuedopregnant state

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to confirm mating in mus

answer

vaginal plug present for 18-24 hours, female weight gain by day 13, increased abdominal size by day 14, fetal palpulation by mid to late gestation, leave mice undisturbed for at least 2 days to minimize canibalism, born atricial (blind naked deaf)

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Mus husbandry- housing

answer

solid bottom cages with bedding space req.:>25g need 97 cm sq of floor space for each mouse hight of cage: 13cm bedding should not be made of pine or cedar chip (liver damage) 12-14 hours of light per day 64-79F at 30-70% humidity

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Mus feeding

answer

consume 4-5g per day 16% protein, 4-5% fat firm, dry pellets, and fed ad libitum if fed a powdered or soft product supply a chewing device diet supplement is not recommended occasional fruit or seed snack is acceptable 1/3 of diet is fece, recycles b vitamins and other nutrients 6-7 mls of water per day

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mus sanitation

answer

cleaning 1-3 times per week ventilated cages can be cleaned less frequently than a microisolators cages water bottles, feed hoppers should be disinfected with chemicals and/or hot water remove residual water before loading into rack cleaners

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handling and restraint techniques MUS

answer

transfer: grab by the base of the tail and lift, pair of rubber-tipped foreceps to restrain: allow the mouse to cling to a surface and scruff, use forefinger and thumb, secure the tail with your pinky finger

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ID for mus

answer

cage cards, ear punching, tagging, microchipping, ink tail fur dyes, dna

question

Blood collection for MUS

answer

blood volume is on average 7% of the body weight, only 10% of circulating blood volume can be drawn

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Methods of blood draw from Mus

answer

retroorbital: sinus under anesthesia, facial vein technique, lateral sapphinous vein, dorsal tail artery, lateral tail vain

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urine collection in mus

answer

handle, put on cool surface, put in cool plastic bag, metabolic cages best for urine collection

question

Drug administration in mus

answer

scales must be used, accuracy is improved through dilution of drugs and by use of tuberculin syringes, dosages are most accurately calculated on a ml/kg basis

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Oral drug admin in mus

answer

through food and water, gavage needle, or directly placed in stomach.

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Injections in mus

answer

23 or 25g needle, give in the loose over the shoulders IM; give in the quadriceps of the hind leg, causes self mutilation

question

Anesthesia in mus

answer

dilute anestheisa 1:10, different strains react differently, be conservative

question

Injectable anesthesia in mus

answer

ketamine and zylazine (lasts 30-45 min), tribomoethanol (use within 48 hours), pentobarbital (narrow safety margin lasts 20 to 40 mins)

question

Inhalant anesthesia in mus

answer

halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, ether in a bell jar

question

surgery in mus

answer

aseptic technique, one pack for up to 5 animals, use cold sterilization, use dry heat glass bead sterilizer, easy to use, clean instruments 1st to prevent tissue baking.

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Common surgeries in Mus

answer

adrenalectomy, 5/6 nephrectomy, jugular vein or carotid artery catheterization

question

Postoperative care in mus

answer

rodents are prone to hypothermia, to prevent administer warm saline or LRS SC. Heating pad or hot water bottle,lubricate eyes, preemptive analgesics to control pain

question

Postoperative drugs for mus

answer

NSAIDS flunixin meglumine acetaminophen carprofen meloxicam treat muskuloskelatal incisional inflammatory and actue mild to moderate pain

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Postoperative recovery in mus

answer

place on paper towel due to aspiration of bedding risk. Support with heat, mostion food to prevent redution of food intake, make sure mouse is fully awake before returning the mouse to its cage.

question

Radiographic techniques

answer

must have high milliamperage and low kvp settings, focal film distance 40 inches, high detail film and screens or use non screen film.

question

Radioactive restraint mus

answer

sedidation, radiolucent device ex plastic tubing, cake bag

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Euthanasia

answer

quick and painless, follow current AVMA Panel of euthanasia.

question

Euthanasia methods in mus

answer

carbon dioxide, inhalant anesthetics, IP overdose of barbiturate, cervical dislocation/ decapitation under anesthesia, verify death through: cervical dislocation, bilateral pneumothorax asuculation

question

Most mus labs are free of

answer

viruses bacteria parasites fungi

question

Bacterial diseases in mus

answer

pneumonia and respiratory, heliobacter sppp. infection, tyzzers disease, colonic hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis-associated coryneform, miscellaneous diseases

question

viral diseases in mus

answer

parvoviruses, sendai, mouse hepatitis, epizootic diarrhea infant mice, murine retroviral infection, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, ectromelia (mousepox), pnuemonia virus of mice, murine norovirus1

question

Miscellaneous viral infections of mus

answer

parasitic diseases, mites, pinworms, lice, tapeworms, flagellates

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Neoplasia

answer

Incidences and types of tumors are highly strain and age related. Mammary tumors are adenocarcinomas. C3H strain has a high incidence of mammary tumors

question

AALAS history

answer

1950- Animal care panel 1967- ACP became what its known by today

question

AALAS stands for

answer

american association for laboratory animal science

question

AALAS levels of certification

answer

ALAT- animal care and facility sanitation LAT - increased diagnostic skills and research responsibilities LATG - supervisor

question

ASLAP stands for

answer

american society of laboratory animal practioners

question

Aslap

answer

In 1966 the laboratory animal welfare act passed, and this organization was founded as a way for veterinary professionals to exchange ideas, experience, and knowledge. Acts as a spokesperson for laboratory animal practioners within the AVMA house of delegates. Actively encourages its members to provide training for vets both pre/postdoctoral levels and lend expertise to institutions conducting lab animal training programs

question

ASLAP history

answer

1967- was recognized as a support organization of the AVMA 1986 - bceame an affiliate of AALAS

question

ACLAM stands for

answer

american college of laboratory animal medicine

question

Aclam overview

answer

est in 1957 to encourage education, training, and research in lab animal medicine. Establish standards of training and expertise for veterinarians concerned with care and use of lab animals.To recognize qualified persons in lab animal by certification excamination and other means.

question

ACLAM past and presesnt

answer

originally the american board of laboratory animal medicine, but changed its name in 1961. Specialty board recognized by AVMA. Vet can become board certified as a diplomat of this organization. This organization has developed textbooks and programs to promoate lab animal education.

question

NABR stands for

answer

National association for biomedical research

question

nabr history

answer

founded in 1979 as a non profit organization

question

NABR mission

answer

advocates public policy that recognizes humane animal use. Advocates higher education. Advocates product safety testing.

question

NABR is

answer

the voice of the scientific community on legislative and regulatory issues regarding lab animal research. Support responsible and humane care of lab animals.

question

NABR believes

answer

only as many animals as neccessary should be used. Alternativives to animal use should be developed and employed when feasible. Recognizes that complete replacement of animals is not possible.

question

FBR stands for

answer

foundation for biomedical research

question

FBR overview

answer

the sister oraganization to NABR was established in 1981.. Dedicated to improving the quality of both animal and human health through education of the public and support of humane and responisble use of animals in research.

question

FBR provides

answer

information to teachers student the media and general public. It feels that it is essential to use animals in scientific and medical research.

question

ILAR stands for

answer

institiue for laboratory animal research

question

ILAR history

answer

founded in 1952 through the help of the national reserach council of the national academy of sciences. Composed of daily staff and a council made up of experts in lab animal medicine, bioethics and other biomedical sciences.

question

What ILAR does

answer

provides feedback and advice on all of the the organizations activities. Develops guidelines on the scientific technical and ethical use of animals. Promotes high quality humane care of animals and appropriate use of alternatives. Advises the federal government as well as the science feild, students and the public. Creates guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.

question

iacuc stands for

answer

institiute for animal care and use commity

question

IACUC inspecitons

answer

must be completed semiannually as mandated by the USDA, the guide, and to ensure lab animals are observed for appropraite care and adherence to regulations and use guidelines.

question

3R's

answer

Reduction replacement and refinement

question

Reduction

answer

use the minimum number of animals in a study. Strive to reduce animal numbers.

question

Refinement

answer

Balance between collecting the necessary data and ensuring animal welfare is uphealed through humane euthanasia.

question

Replacement

answer

using non animal alternatives

question

AWA

answer

1966 was the first law that protected non farm animals.

question

APHIS stands for

answer

animal and plant health inspection service

question

aphis is responsible for

answer

administering and enforcing the awa. USDA veterinary medical officer must make an annual unannounced inspection.

question

Facilities are inspected for

answer

humane handeling and care, id, record keeping, medical treatment, medical treatment, transportation.

question

maintenance of health records

answer

must be current, legible and comprehensive. Must be witheld for at least one year after disposition or death

question

species not covered by awa

answer

birds horses (not used for research purposes) farm animals intended for improving animal nutrition breeding or production, rats or mice.

question

Animal welfare regulations reform 1970

answer

became AWA. required 1 USDA Annual report of research per year to show standards of care, treatment and use were being followed (use of anesthetics and analgesics) extended to apply to animals through out stay at research facility. covered any warm blooded animal designated by the secretary of ag. Didnt allow rules regarding the actual research

question

1976 awa amendment

answer

redifined the regulation of animal transport and fighting. Carriers and intermediate handlers not required to be licensed by awa but had to register with USDA.

question

1985 amendment to awa- IACUC

answer

passage of food and security ac. Required an istituional animal care and use committee

question

IACUC consists of

answer

3 members- vet with experiance or training in lab animal med and one member who is not affiliated with the instiution in any way

question

IACUC

answer

meets every 6 months to inspect study and review the care and use of animals. To file a report with the institution to destinguish signifigant and minor defiencies with dates to be resolved by. If corrections are not made USDA must be notified. Investigate concerns involving animal care and use

question

Protocol must include

answer

species and number or animals used. Rational for having that animals, that number and speices. descreption of proposed use of animal, procedures to assure discomfort and pain be limited, and euthenasia method used.

question

Major vs Minor surgeries

answer

major; penetration or exposure of a body cavity. Produces substantial physical or physiologic functions. minor: doesn't expose a body cavity. causes little to no physical imparement.

question

Protection of pets act 1990

answer

attached to the food, ag, conservation and trade act. mandates minimum of 5 days hold in shelters

question

The guide was

answer

prepared by ilar.

question

1985 OLAW and PHS

answer

Must submit written documentation that institution agrees to follow the guide and has an IACUC, reviewed every 3 years. extends to all vertebraes

question

HVAC stands for

answer

heating ventilation and air conditioning. Temperature should be capable of adjustments plus of minus 2 degrees and the humidity kept within 30-70%.

question

Ventilation

answer

10-15 air changes per hour.

question

HEPA stands for

answer

high efficiencey particular air and filters control cross contamination. Quarentine and non human primates = negative pressure. Surgery and pathogen free animals = positive pressure

question

Three main types of facilitys

answer

conventional, clean/dirty, barrier/containment

question

Conventional facilities

answer

do not necessarily designate traffic flow paterns. Clean/dirty items may go through same door

question

clean dirty facilities

answer

utalize flow patterns to minimize cross contamination. Air flow pressure differences promote directional airflow from clean to dirty

question

barrier/containment facilities

answer

keeps unwanted contamination out of an area, protect all populations by minimizing the opportunities for escape of any contamination. Used to maintain breeding and experimental animal colonies in disease free conditions.

question

Methods used to decontaminate air, fluids, equipment and personal

answer

autoclaves, incinerators, air filters and showers

question

3 types of cage washers

answer

rack (large equipment), cabinent (dishwasher) and tunnel (car wash)

question

animal feed

answer

stored up to 6 months; special feed stored at 39 degrees or lowers.

question

rodent housing

answer

shoebox cage (what we use), microisolator = refinement of shoebox cage that reduces stress, greater control of enviornment, suspended cages = most rabbit cages

question

Other cages

answer

squeeze cage = houses non human primates and to restrain the, gang cages = group, transportation cages

question

management duties

answer

budges, record keeping, oversight of facility activities

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