Biology semester 2 final exam review – Flashcards
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______ is the process that forms _____ or sex cells
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Meiosis, gametes
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If a parent cell has 24 chromosomes how many chromosomes will the daughter cell have after meiosis
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12
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a cell with only one set of chromosomes is a ______
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haploid
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a cell iwth two sets of chromosomes is a ______
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diploid
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what is the job of DNA
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contains genetic code and instructions for making proteins
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mRNA contains what order compared to the original DNA strand?
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same order but replaced T's with U's
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Which cycle of virus's (lytic or lysogenic) causes host cells to burst?
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lytic
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how does DNA replicate itself?
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hydrogen bond is broken by the enzyme DNA polymerase and it unzips, free nucleotides pair with phosphate bases and it zips back together
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how does RNA differ from DNA
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RNA can leave nucleus, has ribose sugar, and is a single strand
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function of tRNA
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brings amino acids to ribosome for translation
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funciton of mRNA
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carries genetic message from nucleus to ribosome
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what happens in transcription
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make RNA from DNA, RNA polymerase enzyme unzips DNA, mRNA nucleotides attach to one side of DNA, mRNA leaves nucleus
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what happens in transcription
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rRNA attaches to mRNA, tRNA brings amino acids to first codon on mRNA, anticodon on tRNA link up with codon on mRNA, peptide bonds form and polypeptide chains then released into cytoplasm and form proteins
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what is a codon
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3 nitrogen bases
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each codon codes for a specific
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amino acid
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why are proteins important to living things?
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make up enzymes, provide structure, and cells need them to function
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new variations in structural and physiological adaptations are provided by __________
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evolution
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how is natural selection and genetic drift different?
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genetic drift is random and natural selection isn't
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what is the bottleneck effect
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population becomes so small that a small group of surviving members is the parents of the later population
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what is the founders effect
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small group of organisms move to a new habitat and are founders of a new trait that makes up a large part of later population's gene pool.
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what is a bacteriophage
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virus that attacks a bacterial cell
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a RNA virus with the most complex replication cycle
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retrovirus
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viral DNA that is integrated into host cell's chromosome
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provirus
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2 main materials that make up a virus
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nucleic acid and protein coat
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how does a virus recognize a host
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reception sites
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how do bacteria reproduce sexually
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conjugation
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how do bacteria reproduce asexually
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binary fission
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why is the protist kingdom one of "convenience"
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most members don't fit into any other kingodm so they are put together
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2 examples of ecological role of protists
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base of many aquatic food chains, take in CO2 and release O2
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differences between bacteria and protists
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protists are eukaryotic and bacteria are prokaryotic, protist are 10x larger, protists may be mulitcellular but bacteria never is
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how is classifying euglena challenging?
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it can either be a hetertroph or producer
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what are psuedopodia
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cytoplasmic extension of the amoeba that are used for locomotion and for engulfing food to create a vacuole
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purpose of photosynthesis
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trap energy from sun to make sugars
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equation for photosynthesis
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6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2
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equation for cellular respiration
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C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H20+36ATP
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how do decomposers help in carbon cycle?
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release carbon dioxide from dead organisms
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where did the matter that makes up the plant originate
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carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because it is converted by the plant through photosynthesis into carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
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plant cells have a ____ composed of cellulose
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cell wall
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ancestors of today's plants
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green algae
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challenges faced by early land plants
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sperm to egg, plant tissue drying out, protecting embryo
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how do fungi digest food
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secrete enzymes into food which is digested and the hyphae absorb the nutrients
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tangled strands that make up fungi
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hyphae
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example of colemate
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mollusca
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example of acolemate
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platyhelminthes
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describe animal development from fertilization through the gastrula stage (use zygote, blastula, endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm)
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zygote forms from fertilization of egg and sperm, cell divisions form a hollow ball of cells/blastula, blastula indents and forms inner layer/endoderm and outer layer/ectoderm, developing animal is now a gastrula, mesoderm/middle layer will form between ectoderm and endoderm
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how many cells does a zygote contain?
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one
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how do villi increase rate of nutrient absorption
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increase surface area of small intestines
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job of pancreas
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secretes digestive enzymes that break down food
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what takes place in the alveoli
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gas exchange
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muscle in heart that seperates ventricles
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septum
