question

lymph

answer

the fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues

question

lymphatic vessels and ducts

answer

the capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloodstream

question

lymph nodes

answer

bean shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system

question

tonsils and adenoids

answer

lymphoid structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system

question

spleen

answer

a sac like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems

question

bone marrow

answer

produces lymphocytes which are specialized leukocytes

question

lymphocytes

answer

specialized leukocytes that play important foles in the immune reactions

question

thymus

answer

a gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in both the lymphatic and immune systems

question

anti

answer

against

question

carcin/o

answer

cancerous

question

immun/o

answer

immune, protection, safe

question

lymph/o

answer

lymph, lymphatic tissue

question

lymphaden/o

answer

lymph node or gland

question

lymphangi/o

answer

lymph vessel

question

neo, ne/o

answer

new, strange

question

oma

answer

tumor, neoplasm

question

onc/o

answer

tumor

question

phag/o

answer

eat, swallow

question

plasm

answer

formative material of cells

question

sarc/o

answer

flesh, connective tissue

question

splen/o

answer

spleen

question

tic

answer

pertaining to

question

tox/o

answer

poison, poisonous

question

tonsill/o

answer

tonsils

question

adenoid/o

answer

adenoids

question

myel/o

answer

bone marrow

question

lymphocyt/o

answer

lymphocytes

question

thym/o

answer

thymus

question

villi

answer

contains lacteals and blood vessels, lines the small intestine

question

lacteals

answer

specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream

question

interstitial fluid

answer

plasma from arterial blood that flows out of arterioles and into the capillaries and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues

question

lymph

answer

clear watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins

question

lymphatic circulatory system

answer

sometimes referred to as the second circulatory system.

question

lymphatic capillaries

answer

microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness

question

lymphatic vessels

answer

located deeper within the tissues and have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph

question

right lymphatic duct

answer

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm

question

thoracic duct

answer

the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk and both legs

question

lymph node

answer

bean shaped, contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens

question

cervical lymph nodes

answer

located along the sides of the neck

question

axillary lymph nodes

answer

located under the arms in the area known as the armpits

question

inguinal lymph nodes

answer

located in the inguinal area of the lower abdomen

question

lymphocytes

answer

leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells

question

maturation

answer

process of becoming mature

question

differentiation

answer

to be modified to perform a specific function

question

natural killer cells

answer

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

question

b cells

answer

specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies

question

plasma cells

answer

develop from b cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

question

t cells

answer

originate from the thymus and play a central role in cell mediated immunity

question

cytokines

answer

group of proteins released primarily by the t cells and act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response

question

interferons

answer

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication and signal other cells to increase their defenses

question

interleukins

answer

play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate

question

lymphoid

answer

pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph or lymphatic tissue

question

tonsils

answer

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat. play an important role by preventing pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth

question

adenoids

answer

aka nasopharyngeal tonsils. located in the nasopharynx

question

palatine tonsils

answer

located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth

question

palatine

answer

the hard and soft plates that from the roof of the mouth

question

lingual tonsils

answer

located at the base of the tongue and are not readily visible

question

lingual

answer

pertaining to the tongue

question

thymus

answer

a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age. secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into t cells.

question

veriform appendix

answer

hangs from the lower portion of the cecum. its purpose is to play an important role in the immune system

question

spleen

answer

sac like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the upper quadrant of the abdomen inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach. filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood. forms lymphocytes and monocytes. stores extra erythrocytes and maintains the appropriate balance between cells and the plasma of the blood

question

hemolytic

answer

destroying worn out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse

question

pathogens

answer

disease producing microorganisms

question

allergens

answer

substances that produce allergic reactions

question

toxins

answer

poisonous or harmful substances

question

malignant cells

answer

potentially life threatening cancer cells

question

intact skin

answer

wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body

question

intact

answer

there are no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin

question

acid mantle

answer

covers the skin, makes it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria

question

respiratory system

answer

traps breathed in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the system

question

digestive system

answer

uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swalloed or consumed with food

question

lymphatic system

answer

work in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body

question

antigen antibody reactions

answer

aka immune reaction, involved binding antigens to antibodies

question

antigen

answer

any substance that the body regards as being foreign

question

tolerance

answer

refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen

question

antibody

answer

a disease fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

question

immunoglobulins

answer

bind with specific antigens in the antigen antibody response

question

immunoglobulin g

answer

the most abundant class of antibodies, found in the blood serum and lymph. active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles

question

immunoglobulin a

answer

class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens. found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat or tears and function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organisms

question

immunoglobulin m

answer

the class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids. these are the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen

question

immunoglobulin d

answer

the class of antibodies found only on the surfaces of b cells. important in b cell activation

question

immunoglobulin e

answer

the class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. these antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions

question

phagocytes

answer

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen antibody reaction by destroying sunstances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis

question

phagocytosis

answer

the process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them

question

monocytes

answer

leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organsisms

question

macrophage

answer

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

question

dendritic cells

answer

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

question

the complement system

answer

a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. when needed these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

question

complement

answer

to complete or make whole

question

immunity

answer

state of being resistant to a specific disease

question

natural immunity

answer

passive immunity, resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease

question

acquired immunity

answer

obtained by having had a contagious disease

question

vaccinated

answer

provides protection against a contagious disease

question

vaccine

answer

preparation containing an antigen consisting of whole or partial disease causing organisms which have been killed or weakened

question

allergist

answer

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity such as allergic reactions

question

immunologist

answer

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

question

lymphologist

answer

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

question

oncologist

answer

a physician specializing in the diagnosing and treatment of malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer

question

lymphadentitis

answer

inflammation of the lymph nodes

question

lymphadenopathy

answer

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

question

lymphangioma

answer

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

question

splenomegaly

answer

abnormal enlargement of the spleen

question

splenorrhagia

answer

bleeding from the spleen

question

tonsillitis

answer

inflammation of the tonsils

question

tonsillectomy

answer

removal of the tonsills

question

lymphoscintigraphy

answer

a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

question

lymphedema

answer

swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

question

primary lymphedema

answer

hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in teh feet and progressing to the ankles and in an upward direction along the legs

question

secondary lymphedema

answer

caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns

question

bioimpedence spectroscopy

answer

a noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema

question

allergic reaction

answer

occurs when the bodys immune system reacts to a harmless allergen as if it were an invader

question

allergy

answer

aka hypersensitivity, an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen

question

allergen

answer

a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual

question

localized allergic response

answer

aka cellular response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come in contact with an allergen

question

systemic reaction/ anaphylaxis

answer

a severe response to an allergen

question

scratch test

answer

a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen

question

antihistamines

answer

medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever

question

histamine

answer

a substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes of an allergic reaction

question

autoimmune disorder

answer

any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

question

immunodeficiency disorders

answer

occurs when the immune response is compromised

question

compromised

answer

weakened or not functioning properly

question

human immunodeficiency virus

answer

a blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the t cells of the immune system causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life threatening opportunistic infections

question

opportunistic infection

answer

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans

question

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

answer

the most advanced and fatal stage of an HIV infection

question

kaposi's sarcoma

answer

an example of an opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with HIV. Causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin

question

ELISA

answer

a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies

question

western blot test

answer

a blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test. performed to confirm the diagnosis when the results of the ELISA test are positive

question

immunotherapy

answer

a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune resonse

question

stimulate

answer

cause greater activity

question

repress

answer

decrease or stop a normal response

question

synthetic immunoglobulins

answer

used as a postexposure preventive measure against certain viruses

question

postexposure

answer

the patient has been exposed to the virus

question

synthetic interferon

answer

used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis c, and some cancers

question

monoclonal antibodies

answer

any class of antibodies produced in the lab by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells

question

monoclonal

answer

pertains to a single clone of cells

question

clone

answer

an exact replica of a group of bacteria

question

immunosuppression

answer

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

question

immunosuppressant

answer

a substance that prevents or reduces the bodys normal immune response

question

corticosteroid drug

answer

a hormone like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant

question

cytotoxic drug

answer

a medication that kills or damages cells

question

pathogen

answer

a microorganism that causes a disease in humans

question

bacteria

answer

one celled microscopic organisms

question

bacilli

answer

rod shaped spore forming bacteria

question

anthrax

answer

a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis

question

rickettsia

answer

a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

question

rocky mountain spotted fever

answer

caused by rickettsia that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick

question

spirochetes

answer

long slender spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

question

lyme disease

answer

caused by spirochetes belonging to the genus borrelia. can affect the joints, heart and nervous system caused by the bite of an infected deer tick

question

staphylococci

answer

a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes

question

staphylococcus aureus

answer

a form of staphylococci that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning

question

streptococci

answer

bacteria that form a chain. responsible for strep throat, meningitis

question

septic shock

answer

a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body

question

antibiotic resistant bacteria

answer

occur when antibodies fail to kill all of the bacteria they target

question

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

answer

MRSA, one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibodies

question

fungus

answer

a simple parasitic organism

question

tinea pedis

answer

a fungal infection that develops between the toes, aka athletes foot

question

yeast

answer

a type of fungus

question

candidiasis

answer

aka yeast infection, infection that occurs on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas such as the vagina or mouth

question

oral thrush

answer

a yeast infection of the mouth

question

vaginal candidiasis

answer

yeast infection of the vagina

question

parasite

answer

a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

question

malaria

answer

is caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

question

toxoplasmosis

answer

example of a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

question

west nile virus

answer

spread to humans by the bite of a mosquito. flu like symptoms

question

lyme disease

answer

transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected blacklegged tick. symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue and a skin rash

question

viruses

answer

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells

question

influenza

answer

aka flu, is highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics

question

measles

answer

an acute highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus

question

mumps

answer

an acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands

question

rubella

answer

a viral infection characterized by a low grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine pink rash

question

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination

answer

immunization can prevent these three viral conditions and should be administered early in childhood

question

rabies

answer

an acute infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of n infected animal

question

cytomegalovirus

answer

found in most body fluids. usually the individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection but can be very dangerous

question

silent infection

answer

an infection where an individual has no signs or symptoms of infection

question

varicella

answer

chicken pox, caused by the herpes virus. characterized by a rash and fever

question

herpes zoster

answer

aka shingles, an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

question

infectious mononucleosis

answer

aka mono, caused by epsteinbarr virus. characterized by fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

question

antibiotics

answer

medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms

question

bactericide

answer

a substance that causes the death of bacteria. example penicillin

question

bacteriostatic agent

answer

slows or stops the growth of bacteria. example sulfonamide

question

antifungal

answer

an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi. ex lotrimin

question

antiviral drug

answer

used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

question

oncology

answer

study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer

question

tumor

answer

aka neoplasm, an abnormal growth of body tissue

question

benign tumor

answer

not a form of cancer and is no life threatening

question

myoma

answer

a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

question

malignant tumor

answer

a form of cancer. it is capable of spreading to distant body sites

question

myosarcoma

answer

a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

question

angiogenesis

answer

the process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

question

antiangiogenesis

answer

is a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the timor

question

cancer

answer

a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues

question

metastasize

answer

the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another

question

metastasis

answer

the new cancer site that results from the spreading process

question

carcinoma

answer

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

question

carcinoma in situ

answer

a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

question

adenocarcinoma

answer

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

question

sarcoma

answer

a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues

question

hard tissue sarcoma

answer

arise from bone or cartilage cancer

question

osteosarcoma

answer

a hard tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee

question

synovial sarcoma

answer

a tumor os the tissues surrounding a synovial joint such as the knees or elbows, a type of soft tissue sarcoma

question

leukemia

answer

a type of liquid tissue sarcoma, is a cancer of the white blood forming cells in the bone marrow

question

staging

answer

the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patients prognosis

question

lymphoma

answer

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

question

hodgkins lymphoma

answer

distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large cancerous lymphcytes known as reed sternberg cells

question

non hodgkins lymphoma

answer

the term used to describe all other lymphomas

question

breast cancer

answer

a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites

question

ductal carcinoma in situ

answer

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

question

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

answer

starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct and invades the fatty breast tissue

question

infiltrating lobular carcinoma

answer

cancer that starts in the milk glands, breaks through the wall of the gland, and invades the fatty tissue of the breast

question

inflammatory breast cancer

answer

a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer . grows rapidly and the symptoms include pain, rapid increase in the breast size, redness or rash on the breast and swelling of nearby lymph nodes

question

stage 0

answer

cancer cells found only in one location

question

stage I

answer

cancer cells have moved beyond the duct but have not yet reached the lymph nodes

question

stage II

answer

cancer has increased in size and has reached axillary lymph nodes

question

stage III

answer

cancer has spread to the cervical lymph nodes and the tissues surrounding the breasts

question

stage IV

answer

cancer has spread to other organs

question

breast self examination

answer

a self care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer

question

professional palpation of the breast

answer

performed to feel the texture, size, and consistency of the breast

question

mammography

answer

a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

question

ultrasound

answer

used as an initial follow up test when an abnormality is found by mammography

question

needle breast biopsy

answer

a technique in which an x ray guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast

question

surgical biopsy

answer

the removal of a small peice of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis

question

sentinel node biopsy

answer

a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ or origination and start spreading into the rest of the body

question

lymph node dissection

answer

a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in this area

question

lumpectomy

answer

the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissus

question

mastectomy

answer

the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple

question

mast

answer

breast

question

radical mastectomy

answer

the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

question

modified radical mastectomy

answer

the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

question

immediate breast reconstruction

answer

begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy

question

delayed breast reconstruction

answer

may be necessary if the surgery is followed by radiation treatment

question

laser surgery

answer

targeted beams of light destroy cancer cells

question

cryosurgery

answer

cancerous cells are frozen and destroyed

question

chemotherapy

answer

the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

question

chemoprevention

answer

the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance the cancer will recur

question

antineoplastic

answer

a medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

question

cytotoxic drugs

answer

used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy

question

radiation therapy

answer

used in the treatment of some cancers with the goal of destroying only the cancerous tissues

question

brachytherapy

answer

the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

question

teletherapy

answer

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

question

targeted therapy

answer

developing form of anti cancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

question

adjuvant therapy

answer

performed to decrease the chances cancer will recur and intended to increase the effectiveness of treatment

question

clinical trials

answer

involve testing new and promising cancer treatments that have not yet received food and drug administration approval on patients who agree to be part of the research

Medical Terminology Chapter 6 – Flashcards

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