Drug deviance and crime – Flashcards
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Synapse
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Space between neurons
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Myelin sheath
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Protective shroud that frequently covers axons
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Axon terminals
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Release neurotransmitters
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Action potential
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The electrical activity along the axon that occurs when a neuron fires
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Neurotransmitters
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Transmission of information at the synapse
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Receptor sites is the lock
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If a neurotransmitter is viewed as a key
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Receptor sites
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They are specialized structures located on dendrites and cell bodies for neurons that are activated by neurotransmitters
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Vesicles
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Packages where neurotransmitters are stored
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Ionotropic receptors
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They are sometimes called "fast" receptors because the entire process is completed in just a few milliseconds
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Ionotropic receptors (ions)
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Receptors that are coupled to ion channels that regulate the number of charged particles inside the neurons.
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Metabotropic Receptors
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Receptors that activate second messengers
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Reuptake
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Process of removing neurotransmitters from the synapse
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Antagonist
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Compound that occupies a receptor but does not activate the neuron
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Acetylcholine
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The neurotransmitter thought to be critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease
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Acetylcholine (2)
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The neurotransmitter that is active at the neuromuscular junction
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Neuromuscular junction
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The site between neuron and muscle cells where chemical release causes muscle cells to contract is
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Myasthenia gravis
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Disease characterized by severe muscle weakness and fatigue, is caused by a blockage of acetylcholine.
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Serotonin
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LSD acts as an antagonist for those neurotransmitters
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L-Dopa administration
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Methods to treat Parkinson's disease
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Alzheimer
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Progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions a
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Parkinson's disease
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Progressive deterioration of motor control
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Monoamines' neurotransmitters
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Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
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Dopamine
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Neurotransmitter implicated in Parkinson's disease
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Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
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Monoamines
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Monoamine (Dopamine, serotonin)
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Neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia
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Blood-brain barrier
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System that "filters" blood before it enters the brain
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Endorphins
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Act by mimicking heroin and other opiate drugs
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Endorphins (2)
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Neurotransmitters that modulate pain relief
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Anandamide
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Neurotransmitters mimicked by the active chemical in marijuana
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GABA
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The brain's major inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Sympathetic branch
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Branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated during emotional arousal
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The reticular formation
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Control for alertness and arousal
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Major division of the Human brain
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Hindbrain, midbrain and the forebrain
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Hypothalamus
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Structure of the brain that control hunger and thirst
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Parkinson's disease (2)
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Is caused by the effects of some designers drugs because damage the substantia nigra
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Subthalamic
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Brain structure that produces dopamine and when damaged produces symptoms called parkinson's disease.
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Accumbens
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It's also referred as the pleasure center
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Structure of the basal ganglia
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Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
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Visual hallucination
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Drug resulted in the spontaneous firing of neurons in the occipital lobes of the cortex
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Hippocampus
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Brain structure thought to be critical to the storage of memories
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Magnetic resonance imagery
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Method used to detect and understand brain's dysfunction. Creates a high-resolution, 3-D image of the brain.
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Brain imaging research about drug craving
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Drug craving associated with activity in the limbic system (amygdala)
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Feedback relationship
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In a series of events, what happens in a later event alters event that preceded it
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Metabolism
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Process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste.
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Pharmacokinetics
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The branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs.
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The effect of a drug
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It depends on how much drug is taken
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Drug dose
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Is computed according to a person's body weight
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Pharmacodynamics
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The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
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Advantages of the oral route of drug administration
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Relative safety, convenience and economy
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Place that dugs are absorbed
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When drugs are swallowed , they pass through the stomach and absorbed in the small intestine
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Drug absorption in presence of food
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It delays absorption and decrease the maximum drug level achieved for orally administered drugs
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The Subcutaneous route
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It's the easiest of the drug injection routes to use
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Characteristic of subcutaneous route
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It's associated with a slow ( bust faster than oral) and constant absorption rate.
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Drug pathway
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Once in the bloodstream drugs pass through the membrane before reaching the brain
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in the muscle
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Common site for intramuscular drug injection
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Mainlining
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Common street name term for injecting drug intravenously
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A drug that is taken sublingually
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Is placed under the tongue and dissolved in saliva
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A drug administered transdermally
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Is administered through the skin
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Bioavailibility
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The portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action
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Drugs that have the most rapid absorption
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Are drugs that are administered with water (H2O)
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Muscle, viscera and fat
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Systems that does not receive major portions of a drug rapidly, due to a low volume of blood flow.
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Factors that affect drug distribution
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The biochemical properties of both the body and the drug
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Enzymes in the liver are important in the metabolization of drugs
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What is important to metabolize a drug
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Zero-order kinetics
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It's the rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood
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Kidney
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Is the most important organ for excretion of both drugs and their metabolites
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Different ways of how drugs are excreted from the body
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Feces and urine, from liver bile , moter's milk, lungs and perspiration
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Alcohol
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Drug that has not set range of elimination because of its metabolites are used too efficiently in the body to be measured reliably
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Marijuana
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Drug that can be detected in the system for up to one month following chronic use
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Why is the confirmatory testing of positive drug screens is important
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Because the screenings methods that are used are wrong 25% to 35% of the time
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Dilution
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Refers to drinking large quantities of water to attempt to alter the results of a drug test
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Alcohol range of detection in the system
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Up to one day
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100 bagels
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Would need to be consumed in order to obtain a positive screen for opiates
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Rebound effects
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The elimination of a drug from the body often associated with changes that opposite to those that were caused by the drug.
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Prototypic dose-effect curve
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Vertical axis- "effect size"; Horizontal axis- " Drug dose"
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Slope (steepness)
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The amount of latitude there's in a drug dose before a stronger effect is reached
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Drug potency
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Refers to the minimum dose of a drug that yields its efficacy
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ED-60 (effective dose)
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It means that 60% of the people who receive that amount of drug will experience sedation
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Synergism
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Combined effects of multiple drugs is greater than the sum of the parts
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Marijuana (2)
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Is the leafy part top portion of the cannabis sativa plant
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Hashish
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Is the resin produced by the plant to protect it from the sun
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Cannabis sativa
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More commonly known as marijuana is a hemp plant that grows freely throughout the world
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William O'shaughnessy
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Introduced the use of cannabis to Great Britain
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China
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Earliest known use of marijuana for its pharmacological properties in 2800 B.C
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Arabs
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Were the earliest known users of hashish in the 10th century
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Theophile Gautier
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Described his experience at the Hashish Club in the 1840's
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Marijuana tea-pads
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Opened in New York City during prohibition to give marijuana users a place to smoke
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New Orleans
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The center of marijuana use and distribution in 1920's America
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Harry J. Anslinger
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Head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in 1932, led the fight for the criminalization of marijuana use and trafficking, which resulted in the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937
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The LaGuardia Committee Report
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Published in 1944, created at the request of the mayor of New York concluded that marijuana use was not particularly harmful to the user or to society at large
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The United States National Academy of Sciences
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Concluded that there was a scientific foundation for studying marijuana as a treatment vehicle
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Marijuana prevalence among High school seniors
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Decreased since 1997
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THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
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Primary psychoactive agent in marijuana
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Hash oil
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Is concentrated liquid marijuana extract derived from the cannabis plant using solvents
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Smoking
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Is the most rapid and efficient absorption of marijuana
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Marijuana effect
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The drug effect following inhalation last approximately 2-4 hours
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Individual chemical compound identified in the cannabis plant
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More than 400individual chemical compound
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1964
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The principal psychoactive agent in cannabis was isolated
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Most potent form of cannabis
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Hash oil
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Brain, lungs, kidneys ,liver
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THC can be found in the system even if the blood levels of THC are zero
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Anandamide (2)
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Chemical that binds to the same receptors on brain cells as do cannabinoids that researchers are using to study how the cannabinoid receptors affect various functions.
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Marijuana Tax Act
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Legislation that passed in 1937, markedly decreased prescribed medicinal use of marijuana
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Dronabonol (Marinol) and Nabilone (Cesamet)
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Drugs that are synthetic products that chemically resembles the cannabinoids and is used in current medical treatment.
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The Cannabis Buyers Club
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Opened in 1992 and was established in 1991
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Cannabis
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Medical treatment for AIDS and cancer
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Main drawback to the medical use of cannabis and THC synthetics
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Resultant mental effect viewed as uncomfortable and disorienting
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Marijuana has shown promise in the treatment
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Of Cachexia , a disorder in which an individual wastes away, often due to HIV or cancer
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160 heart beats per minute
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Number of heart beat reached following smoking marijuana
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The most commonly reported physiological effect of marijuana
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Is cardiovascular-bloodshot eye
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Conditions that marijuana has been used to treat
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To counter the nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapies
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Marijuana cigarettes
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Contains more tar
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Effects on the reproductive system associated with chronic marijuana use
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Disruptions in reproductive functions are not obvious, although subtle alterations may be operative
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Learning process
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Finding that experienced users are more sensitive to cannabis effects than novice smokers
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Early smoking phase
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Marijuana effect on speech
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Relaxation
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Stage of that almost all marijuana smoker enter eventually in
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Acute physiological effects of marijuana
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Not commonly reported consequences of marijuana use
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Long term effects of marijuana use
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Irreversible damage to the lungs
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Behavioral effect
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Marijuana's effects on psychomotor activity and performance
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Temporal disintegration
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Reasons identified as possible explanations for marijuana use effect on short term memory
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True evidence on the social environmental effects of marijuana
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- More relaxed and perceive less anxiety - Aggression decrease after marijuana use- - No amotivational syndrome
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Cocaine
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Comes from the leaves of coca bush
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South America
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Coca tree is nation
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Erythroxylum coca
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Or Coca tree
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Difference between cocaine and amphetamines
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Is that cocaine has a longer duration of action
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Local anesthetic
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The major current medical use for cocaine
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Formication syndrome
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cocaine psychosis- something like insects or snakes crawling under the skin
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Amphetamines Not medical use
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Sleeping pill
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Amphetamine
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Has been used to treat obesity
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Slang names methamphetamines
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Speed, crank, ice, crystal and Tina
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Base
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Another name for cocaine
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High dose of cocaine or amphetamine may produce
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Formication symptoms and paranoid delusions
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Crack
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A freebase cocaine produced by mixing cocaine salt with baking soda and water
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Smoking crack
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Produces intensely pleasurable high of very hot duration followed by a severe crash
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Mexico
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Most of the cocaine that enters the US comes from
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Colombia's Cali and Medellin cartels
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First controlled the smuggling of cocaine into the US
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Many states control cold medicine that contains pseudoephedrine
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Because meth labs uses pseudoephedrine as akey chemical component
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Smocking cocaine
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- Effects are more intense and rapid - Euphoric effect dramatic - Rebound depression is severe, side effects dangerous and chances of dependence are high
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Side effects of methamphetamine abuse
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Exposure to very high doses poses a risk of seizure, convulsions and cardiovascular collapse
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Both cocaine and amphetamine
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- Act through the monoamine neurotransmitter system. - Are sympathomimetic drugs that increase hear rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and cause pupil dilatation
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Cocaine
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- Cocaine does not produce the first two effects found with amphetamine - Stimulate the synapse by functioning as "reuptake blocker" - Block the reuptake of the different neurotransmitters by working at the receptor site on the transporter molecule
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Amphetamine
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- Causes the transmitter to leak spontaneously out of the synaptic vesicles and into the synaptic cleft. - Increase amount of transmitter released in response to the arrival of an action potential at the synapse. - Block reuptake of the transmitter into the presynaptic cells and prolong the duration and intensity of their effect.
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Cocaine blues
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Depression that follows heavy use of cocaine during withdrawal.
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cocaine
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Drug that blocks the reuptake of dopamine and other monoamine transmitters
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Cocaine urine screening
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Is detectible for about 2-3 days after administration
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Stimulants
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Are most similar to the physiological and behavioral effects of amphetamine
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Physiological effect of cocaine
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- Up heart rate and blood pressure - Up respiratory rate and sweating increase - Body temperature elevated and pupils are dilated - Anorectic effects
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State-dependent learning
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Information learned in a drugged state is best recalled in that same state.
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Effects of high doses of stimulant drugs
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Emerges a characteristic psychotic state
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Abstinence syndrome upon cocaine withdrawal consists of
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- Tolerance heart rate increasing
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Amphetamine
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Children with ADHD treatment
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ADHD( attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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Disorder that usually develops in childhood and characterized by poor school performance , inattention, fidgeting and restlessness
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The paradox of ADHD treatment
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Is that hyperactive children were calmed by a dose of stimulant amphetamine
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Infants whose mothers were addicted to cocaine during pregnancy
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Have higher rates of spontaneous abortion, fetal death and premature labor and birth
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Cathinone
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Active ingredient in Khat
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The effect of khat
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Are most like cocaine and amphetamine
