Exam 3 Drugs and Behavhor – Flashcards
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The space between neurons is the
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Synapse or synaptic cleft
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Axons are frequently covered with a sheath known as
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Myelin Sheath
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Neurotransmitters are released from the
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Axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron or "boulon"
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The electrical activity along the axon that occurs when a neuron fires is called
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Action potential
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The transmission of information at the synapse is
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synaptic or neural transmission
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If a neurotransmitter is viewed as a key, what structure would be the lock
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Specific receptor sites on the dendrites
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What are specialized structures located on dendrites and cell bodies for neurons that are activated by neurotransmitters
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Receptor sites on the dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron
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Neurotransmitters are stored in packages known as
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Vesicles
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What is the difference between a hormone and a neurotransmitter?
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Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are stored and released by neurons and have to pass the neuro synapse to reach the next neuron (fast) Hormones are chemicals that are released by the endocrine glnads into the stream, which they use as a "road" to find their destination (slower)
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Receptors that are coupled to ion channels that regulate the number of charged particles inside the neuron are called
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Ionotropic receptor
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Receptors that activate second messengers are called
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Metabotropic receptors
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What are the differences between ionotropic receptors and metabolic receptors?
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Metabotropic: slow, changes in receptor are delayed and effect is longer, no ion channel coupling, activate second messengers (G proteins that can be excitatory, inhibitory or open ion channels) Ionotropic: fast, regulate concentration of charged particles inside and out
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What processes is responsible for removing neurotransmitters from the synapse?
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Reuptake- recognition of the neurotransmitter by the sending neuron & the release of energy to recapture the neurotransmitters Metabolism- breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes that break the neurotransmitters down into their building blocks to be reused again
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A compound that occupies a receptor but does not activate the neuron is known as a
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Antagonist
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The neurotransmitter thought to be critical in the development of Alzheimer's disease is
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Acetylcholine & Dopamine
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What is an autocoid
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Act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis
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What are the different mechanisms by which the synapse can be cleaned up after the release of neurotransmitters?
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Reuptake & Metabolism
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Differences between endorphins and enkephalins?
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Endorphins: made up of between 16-31 amino acids, act on brain Enkephalins: usually 5 amino acids, produced by splitting of larger endorphin chains, act on spinal cord
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The neurotransmitter that is active at the neuromuscular junction is?
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Acetylcholine
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The process of building neurotransmitters, release from the vesicles, and fusing of the vesicle to the cell wall of the presynaptic membrane requires the expending of?
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Energy
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What 3 things is the human body oriented toward?
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Speed, efficiency, and redundancy
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What does the G-protein do?
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Regulates metabolic enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and other signaling factors
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The site between the neuron and muscle cells where chemical release causes muscle cells to contract is the
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Neuromuscular junction
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What are the three major parts of the brain?
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Forebrain, Midbrain, & Hindbrain
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A disease characterized by severe muscle weakness and fatigue that is caused by a blockage of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is?
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Myasthenia Gravis
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What is the difference between polarization and depolarization?
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Polarization: when a neuron returns to its resting state Depolarization: after the neuron receives a signal from another neuron and positive ions are pumped in and out of the cell
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LSD acts as an agonist for which of the following neurotransmitters?
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Serotonin
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What are the different methods used to treat Parkinson's?
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L-dopa converts to dopamine
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Progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions are key symptoms of?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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Progressive deterioration of motor control is a key symptom of?
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Parkinson's Disease
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Which neurotransmitters are monoamines?
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Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
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What neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in Parkinson's disease?
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Dopamine
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Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are known as?
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Monoamines
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What neurotransmitter is primarily implicated in schizophrenia?
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Dopamine
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The system that "filters" blood before it enters the brain is called the?
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Blood Brain Barrier
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Heroin and other opiate drugs are thought to act by mimicking?
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Endorphins
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Which neurotransmitters is thought to modulate pain relief?
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Endorphins
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Which neurotransmitter is mimicked by the active chemical in marijuana?
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Anandamide
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The brain's major inhibitory neurotransmitter is?
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GABA
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The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated during emotional arousal is?
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Sympathetic Branch
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One of the primary functions of the reticlular formation is to control?
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Sensory overload, arousal and alertness
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What are the major divisions of the human brain?
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Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
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The brain structure that controls primary drives like hunger and thirst is the?
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Hypothalamus
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Some designer drugs produce what dangerous side effects due to damage of the substantia nigra?
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Drugs kill the neurons in the substantia nigra and triggers Parkinson's disease
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What is the name of the brain structure that produces dopamine, and when damaged produces symptoms called Parkinson's Disease?
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Substantia Nigra in the Midbrain
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Which structure is often referred to as the pleasure center?
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The Neural Basis of Reward Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway
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What are the structures of the basal ganglia?
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Caudate nucleus, putamin, globus palidus
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What are the different dopamine pathways that are implicated in drug use?
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Mesolimbic tract, nigrostriatal tract, mesocorticol tract, tuberoinfundibular tract
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What is the function of the Circle of Willis?
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Arterial flow to the brain
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If a drug resulted in the spontaneous firing of neurons in the occipital lobes of the cortex, the result would be?
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Visual hallucinations
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The brain structure thought to be critical to the storage of memories is the?
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Hippocampus
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MRI is a method used to?
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3D image to measure brain activities
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Recent brain imaging research suggests that drug craving is associated with activity in the?
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Limbic region of the brain
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When, in a series of events, what happens in a later event alters those preceding it, it is known as a?
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Feedback relationship
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The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste is known as?
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Metabolism
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What branch of pharmacology concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs?
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Pharmacokinetics
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The effect of a drug depends most fundamentally on?
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How much drug is taken
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A drug's dose is computed according to the person's
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Body weight
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What is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action?
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Pharmacodynamics
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What are the advantages of the oral route of drug administration?
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Safest, convenient, economic
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When drugs are swallowed, they pass through the stomach and are absorbed in the?
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Small intestine
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The presence of food in the stomach __ absorption and __ the maximum drug level achieved for orally administered drugs
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Delays; Decreases
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The __ route is the easiest of the drug injection routes to use
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Subcutaneous
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One characteristic of the subcutaneous route of injection is its associated __ and __ absorption rate
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Slow; Constant
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Once in the bloodstream, drugs pass through the ___ before reaching the brain
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Blood Brain Barrier
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What is a common site for intramuscular drug injection?
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Deltoid, thigh, buttox
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A common street term for injecting a drug intravenously is?
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Mainlining
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A drug that its taken sublingually is?
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Under the tongue, dissolved in mouth, absorbed through mucous membrane
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How does a drug work that is taken transdermally?
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Through the skin
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What is the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action?
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Bioavailability
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What drugs have the most rapid absorption?
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Drugs administered with water
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Which of the following systems does not receive major portions of a drug rapidly, due to a low volume of blood flow?
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Muscle, viscera, and fat
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What factors affect drug distribution?
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Blood flow, diffusibility of membranes and tissues, fat solubility, blood-brain barrier, selective binding
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Enzymes in the ___, ___, ___ are important in the metabolization of drugs
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Liver, kidneys, & GI tract
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What order kinetics deals with the rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood?
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Zero-order
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What is the most important organ for excretion of drugs and their metabolites
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Kidney
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What are the different ways in which drugs are excreted from the body?
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Urine or metabolism into by-products that are excreted
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What drug has no set range of elimination because is metabolites are used too efficiently in the body to be measured reliably?
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Alcohol
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What drug can be detected in the system for up to one month following chronic use?
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Marijuana
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Confirmatory testing of positive drug screens is important because the screening methods that are used are
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25-30% wrong
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Drinking large quantities of water would be an example of an attempt to alter the results of a drug test by?
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Dilution
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What is the difference between zero-order metabolism and first-order metabolism?
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Zero-order: rate at which drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood First-order: amount of drug that is metabolized in a unit of time depends on how much drug is in the blood
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How long can alcohol be detected in the system using a drug test?
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Up to one day
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How many poppy seed bagels would need to be consumed in order to obtain a positive screen for opiates?
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100
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The elimination of a drug from the body often is associated with changes that are opposite to those that were caused by the drug, these are called?
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Rebound
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In a prototypic dose-effect curve, the vertical axis refers to the __ and the horizontal axis refers to the ___
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Effect size; Drug dose
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What reflects the amount of latitude there is in a drug dose before a stronger effect is reached?
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Slope (Steepness)
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What refers to the minimum dose of a drug that yields its efficacy
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Drug Potency
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What does the pharmacological phrase ED 60 mean?
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60% of the population will experience a particular effect
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In ___, the combined effects of multiple drugs is greater than the sum of the parts
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Drug synergism
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What is the leafy top portion of the cannabis sativa plant, while ___ is the resin produced to protect from the sun
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Marijuana; Hashish
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The use of cannabis was introduced to Great Britain by?
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William O'Shaughnesssy
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The earliest known use of marijuana for its pharmacological properties occurred in 2800 BC in?
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China
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The earliest known users of hashish were the ___
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Arabs
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The neurotransmitter serotonin, is part of what family of neurotransmitters?
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Monoamines or Indoleamines
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There are 4 amino acids that actually function as neurotransmitters. What are they?
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Glycine Glutamic Acid Aspartic Acid
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The center of marijuana use and distribution in 1920s America was where?
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New Orleans
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What is the function of the myelin sheath?
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Allows neurons to conduct action potentials faster than non-myelinated neurons
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The myelin sheath is formed from a series of cells known as
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Schwann cells
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That electrical current that regulates the opening of an ion channel on the post-synaptic neuron is known as the?
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Action potential
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Who was the head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in 1932 that led the fight for the criminalization of marijuana use and trafficking, which resulted in the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937?
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Harry Anslinger
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What was published in 1944 concluding that marijuana use was not particularly harmful to the user or to society at large?
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LaGuardia Committee Report
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A report issued by the _______ concluded that there was a scientific foundation for studying marijuana as a treatment vehicle
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United States National Academy of Sciences
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The most recent survey of high school seniors showed that the prevalence of marijuana use has ___ since 1997
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Gradually decreased
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The primary psychoactive agent in marijuana is
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THC
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What is a concentrated liquid marijuana extract derived from the cannabis plant using solvents?
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Hash oil
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The most rapid and efficient absorption of marijuana occurs through ___. The drug effects following ___ last 2-4 hours
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Smoking; Absorption
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More than ___ individual chemical compounds have been identified in the cannabis plant
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400
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The principal psychoactive agent in cannabis was isolated in?
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1964
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Which form of cannabis is the most potent?
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Hashish
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Following cannabis ingestion, marked concentrations of THC can be found in the ___ even when blood levels of THC are zero
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Organs: brain, lungs, kidney, liver
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What is a chemical that binds to the same receptors on brain cells as do cannabinoids that researchers are using to study how the cannabinoid receptors affect various functions?
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Anandamine
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What legislation, passed in 1937, markedly decreased prescribed medicinal uses of marijuana?
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Marijuana Tax Act
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What drugs are synthetic products that chemically resembles the cannabinoids and is in current medical treatment?
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Marinol (dronabinol), Cesamet (nabilone)
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The Cannabis Buyers Club, which opened in 1992, was established in?
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San Francisco
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Cannabis has been viewed as a medical treatment for?
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Stimulation for hunger in AIDS and glaucoma
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What is the main drawback to the medical use of cannabis and THC synthetics?
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Mental Effects
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Marijuana has shown promise in the treatment of ___ which is a disorder that wastes away due to HIV or cancer
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Cachexia
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The peak heart rate following smoking marijuana is reached when?
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20 min after smoking at 160bpm
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The most commonly reported physiological effect of marijuana is?
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The "High" or cardiovascularly related (heart rate)
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What are the conditions that marijuana has been used to treat?
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Glaucoma & cachexia to counter nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapies
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Marijuana cigarettes contain?
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More tar than cigarettes
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What effects on the reproductive system has research shown to be associated with chronic marijuana use?
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nonovulatory menstrual cycle & lowers testosterone
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The finding that experienced users are more sensitive to cannabis effects than novice smokers is probably due to?
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Learning process
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Marijuana's effects on speech occur in?
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Early stages of use
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Almost all of marijuana smokers eventually enter a stage of?
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Relaxation
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What is not a commonly reported consequence of marijuana use?
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Overdose or death
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Research has clearly shown that marijuana use results in irreversible, long-term damage to the?
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Lungs
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Marijuana's effects on psychomotor activity and performance seem related to?
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Dosage
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What are possible explanations for marijuana's effect on short-term memory?
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user may not be motivated to attend or retrieve material Perceptual changes produced by "curtain of interference" that can block or hinder material Marijuana causes a decreased ability to concentrate and attend material Cannabis drug may interfere with neurochemical processes that operate in memory and retrieval
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Which of the following is true regarding the research evidence on the social environment effects of marijuana?
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Role of marijuana in enhancing interpersonal skills (more relaxed or interpret behavior differently), effect on aggression and violence (decreased aggression), motivational marijuana (effectiveness of being able to complete tasks)
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Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of?
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Coca plant
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The coca tree is native to?
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South America
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Nicotiana tabacum is to nicotine as Erythroxylum coca is to?
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Cocaine
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One difference between cocaine and the amphetamines is that?
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Cocaine is rapidly metabolized
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The major current medical use for cocaine is?
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Anesthetic for eye and nasal surgery
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The cocaine psychosis resembles the symptoms of?
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Paranoid schizophrenia
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Amphetamines have been put to many medical uses. Which is not one of them?
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Been used for colds, obesity, narcolepsy, ADHD, heroin addiction, Parkinsons, nicotine
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What drug has been used to treat obesity?
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Amphetamines
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What is a slang name for methamphetamine?
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Ice, Speed, Crank, Crystal, Tina
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"Base" is another name for?
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Cocaine
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High doses of cocaine or amphetamine may produce?
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Stimulant Psychosis
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What drug is contained in crack?
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Cocaine hcl
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Smoking crack produces?
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A rush
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Most of the cocaine that enters the US comes from?
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Mexico & Colombia
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What criminal organization first controlled the smuggling of cocaine into the US
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Colombia's Cali & Medellin cartel
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Many States now control cold medicine that contains pseudoephedrine. What is the reason for this?
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Used to make meth
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In what ways does smoking cocaine differ from taking it orally or intranasally?
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Onset of the rush is faster, some 6-8 sec and produces intense, orgasmlike high
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What are the side effects of methamphetamine abuse?
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Seizures, convulsions, cardiovascular collapse, paranoid symptoms
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Both cocaine and the amphetamines?
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Commonly administered intranasally, and the absorption properties are similar to those associated with oral administered
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Major difference between cocaine and amphetamine is?
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Cocaine is more rapidly metabolized
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The depression that follows heavy use of cocaine is thought to be related to?
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Depletion of dopamine
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Which drugs act by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and other monoamine transmitters?
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Cocaine
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Cocaine is detectable in the urine for about how many days after administration?
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2-3 days
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The physiological and behavioral effects of amphetamine are most similar to those of?
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Cocaine
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What is a physiological effect of cocaine?
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Anorectic effects, increased alertness and arousal, mood elevation
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Information learned in a drugged state is best recalled in that same state. this defines?
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State dependent learning
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What are the effects of high doses of stimulant drugs?
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Psychotic reactions auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, hostility and violence when danger "seems" imminent
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The abstinence syndrome produced upon cocaine withdrawal consists of which of the following symptoms?
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Craving and depression
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Children with ADHD are often treated with what drug?
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Ritalin & Adderall
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What disorder usually develops in childhood and is characterized by poor school performance, inattention, fidgeting and restlessness?
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ADHD
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What is "paradoxical" about the effectiveness of the treatment of ADHD with drugs such as methlyphenidate (Ritalin)?
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Hyperactive children were calmed by a dose of stimulant amphetamine
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Infants whose mothers were addicted to cocaine during preganacy
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"Crack" babies. Increases chance of spontaneous abortion, fetal death, premature labor
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The active ingredient in khat is?
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Cathine & Cathinone
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The effects of khat are most like which other drug?
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Cocaine & Amphetamines
