Medical Terminology, Chapter 4 Terms, The Muscular System – Flashcards
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abduction
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the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
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Achilles tendinitis
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a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
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adduction
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the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
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adhesion
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a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
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antispasmodic
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administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
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ataxia
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the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement
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atonic
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lacking normal muscle tone or strength
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atrophy
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weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
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biceps brachii
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biceps, formed from two divisions
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bradykinesia
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extreme slowness in movement
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cardioplegia
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paralysis of heart muscle (cardiac arrest)
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carpal tunnel release
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the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve nerve pressure
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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occurs when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
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chronic fatigue syndrome
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a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems
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circumduction
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the circular movement at the far end of a limb
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compartment syndrome
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involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
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contraction
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the tightening of a muscle
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contracture
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the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
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cramp
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a localized muscle spasm named for its cause
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deep tendon reflexes
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tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
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deltoid muscle
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forms the muscular cap of the shoulder
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depression
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the act of lowering a body part
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dorsiflexion
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bends the foot upward at the ankle
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dyskinesia
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the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm
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dystaxia
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a mild form of ataxia
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dystonia
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a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
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electroneuromyography
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a diagnostic procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle
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electromyography
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a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
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elevation
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the act of raising or lifting a body part
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epicondylitis
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inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
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ergonomics
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the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
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exercise physiologist
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a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
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extension
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increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening of a limb
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fascia
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the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles or groups of muscles
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fasciitis
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inflammation of a fascia
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fascioplasty
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the surgical repair of fascia
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fasciotomy
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a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
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fibromyalgia syndrome
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a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse and or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms
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flexion
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decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
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ganglion cyst
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a harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
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gluteus maximus
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the largest muscle of the buttock
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hamstring group
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located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
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hamstring injury
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a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles
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heel spur
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a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia nears its attachment to the calcaneus bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis
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hemiparesis
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slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
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hemiplegia
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total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
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hyperextension
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the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
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hyperkinesia
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abnormally increased muscle function or activity
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hypertonia
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a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles
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hypokinesia
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abnormally decreased muscle function or activity
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hypotonia
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a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
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impingement syndrome
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occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
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insertion
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the place where the muscle ends by attaching to a bonen or tendon; the more moveable attachment, located farthest from the midline of the body
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intermittent claudication
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pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
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muscle fibers
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the long, slender cells that make up muscles
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muscle innervations
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the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
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muscle tone
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the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
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muscular dystrophy
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a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system
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myalgia
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tenderness or pain in the muscles
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myasthenia gravis
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a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
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myocele
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the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
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myectomy
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the surgical excision of a portion of a muscle
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myocardial muscles
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form the muscular walls of the heart
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myoclonus
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the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
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myofascial
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pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
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myofascial pain syndrome
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a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
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myofascial release
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a specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome
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myolysis
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the degeneration of muscle tissue
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myomalacia
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abnormal softening of muscle tissue
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myoparesis
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a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
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myorrhaphy
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the surgical suturing of a muscle wound
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myorrhexis
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the rupture or tearing of a muscle
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myotomy
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a surgical incision into a muscle
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myotonia
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a neuromuscular disorder characterized by the slow relaxation of the muscles after a voluntary contraction
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myoplasty
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the surgical repair of a muscle
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neurologist
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a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
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neuromuscular
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pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle
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neuromuscular blocker
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a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
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nocturnal myoclonus
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jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep
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oblique
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slanted or at an angle
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occupational therapy
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consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in normalizing their ability to perform the activities of daily living (ADL)
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origin
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the place where the muscle begins; the less moveable attachment located nearest the midline of the body
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overuse injuries
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minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
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overuse tendinitis
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inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
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paralysis
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the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
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paraplegia
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the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
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physiatrist
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a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
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physical therapy
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treatment to prevent disability or to restore functioning through the use of exercise
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plantar fasciitis
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an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
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plantar flexion
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bends the foot downward at the ankle
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polymyositis
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a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
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pronation
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the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
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quadriplegia
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paralysis of all four extremeties
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range of motion testing (ROM)
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a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
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rectus
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in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
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relaxation
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when a muscle returns to its original form
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repetitive stress disorders
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a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports
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rheumatologist
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a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia and tendonitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
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RICE
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Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
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rotation
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turns a bone on its own axis
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rotator cuff tendinitis
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an inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
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ruptured rotator cuff
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develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues
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sarcopenia
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the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging
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shin splint
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a painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia
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singultus
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myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm (hiccups)
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skeletal muscle relaxant
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administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
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skeletal muscles
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attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
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smooth muscles
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located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands
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spasm
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a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
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spasmodic torticollis
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a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
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sphincter
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a ring-like muscle that tightly constructs the opening of a passageway
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spinal cord injury
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the type of paralysis is determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury
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sports medicine physician
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specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
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sprain
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an injury of a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament
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strain
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an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
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supination
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the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand, or sole of the foot, is turned forward or upward
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tendinitis
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an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
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tendon
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a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
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tenectomy
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the surgical resection of a portion of a tendon or tendon sheath
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tenodesis
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the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
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tenodynia
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pain in a tendon
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tenolysis
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the release of a tendon from adhesions
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tenoplasty
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the surgical repair of a tendon
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tenorrhaphy
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surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
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tenotomy
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the surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle
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therapeutic ultrasound
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utilizes high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
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transverse
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in a crosswise direction
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triceps brachii
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triceps, formed from three divisions
