PSYC 3083 Quizzes to Final – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Which of the following personality assessments is used by more clinical psychologists than any other personality assessment? Select one: A. sentence completion methods B. TAT C. Rorschach D. MMPI-2
answer
D
question
The content validation approach to objective test construction is based primarily upon: Select one: A. the predictive value of each potential item B. correlations with other tests measuring the same construct C. the premise that examinees cannot or will not reliably and accurately report on themselves D. the prevailing opinions of experts in the field
answer
D
question
In which situation below would it be most appropriate to use the MMPI-2? Select one: A. Dr. Viviano is interested in assessing for generalized anxiety disorder in a large group of nursing home residents B. Dr. Vinton is interested in the psychological functioning of individuals facing felony assault charges C. Dr. Vilas has been hired by an automotive company to screen individuals applying for jobs with the company D. Dr. Venka would like insight into the psychodynamic functioning of soldiers returning from their tours of duty
answer
B
question
The purpose of the validity scales of the MMPI-2 is: Select one: A. to provide a global measure of psychopathology across diagnostic categories B. none of these C. to detect malingering, response sets, or carelessness in test-taking D. to measure the similarity between an examinee's test-taking attitude and his/her attitude during a previous administration
answer
C
question
Which is not a strength of objective personality tests? Select one: A. greater freedom of response than projective tests B. economical and less time consuming than projective tests C. scoring and interpretation of scales are generally simpler than projective testing D. tends to be more objective & reliable than projective tests
answer
A
question
Which of the following is not consistent with the goals of sound psychological assessment? Select one: A. the test used should be one with which the examiner has adequate experience B. the test used should have incremental validity C. the test used should be one that is familiar to the examinee D. the test used should match the purpose of the assessment
answer
C
question
Compared to the Rorschach, the TAT: Select one: A. is a purely objective personality test B. contains fewer cards C. has been subject to more criticism D. is used to infer psychological needs
answer
D
question
An example of test bias would be the situation in which: Select one: A. an individual prejudges all psychological tests as being invalid and therefore refuses to take them B. different decisions or predictions are made for members of two groups even when they obtain the same score on a test such as the MMPI-2 C. a psychologist tends to administer a test such as the MMPI-2 to certain groups more often than to others D. an individual attempts to present himself/herself in the best possible light on a test such as the MMPI-2
answer
B
question
__________ involve the administration of a standard set of questions or statements to which the examinee responds using a fixed set of options. Select one: A. Personality interviews B. Objective personality tests C. None of these D. Projective personality tests
answer
B
question
Dr. Klein believes that any patient who reports seeing lemurs on a Rorschach inkblot is necessarily psychotic, when perhaps things aren't quite so simple. This is an apt illustration of: Select one: A. subjective validation B. illusory correlation C. the confirmation bias D. the availability heuristic
answer
B
question
SORC is an important model in behavioral assessment. Which of the following is not a component of this model? Select one: A. O is the organismic variable (important physical, physiological, or cognitive characteristics that contribute to behavior) B. S is the stimulus or situation that elicits the behavior ("the controlling event") C. R is the response or "target" behavior D. C is the behavioral change that occurs within therapy
answer
D
question
Evaluators with a behavioral orientation emphasize __________ when doing clinical assessments. Select one: A. the interaction of behaviors and situations B. underlying personality characteristics that mediate behavior C. constellations of needs or motivations D. projective techniques
answer
A
question
Behavioral clinical psychologists assess behavior by identifying the events that precede and consequences that follow a behavior in order to understand better understand what maintains the behavior. This behavioral assessment method is referred to as: Select one: A. unit of analysis B. cognitive-functional approach C. self-monitoring D. functional analysis
answer
D
question
Which of the following is not considered to be a strength of behavioral assessment methods? Select one: A. behavioral observations can affect behavior (reactivity) B. behavioral assessment can be used to measure whether the treatment has been effective C. behavioral assessment can be used to inform treatment strategies D. behaviors are directly measured rather than inferred
answer
A
question
The Dysfunctional Thought Record is an example of a ______________ technique. Select one: A. controlled observation B. self-monitoring C. none of these D. psychophysiological assessment
answer
B
question
Todd, Jamal, and Samuel are trained observers for a research project. Just after completing their training, their interrater reliability is very high. However, over time and without their awareness, their observations converge less and less. The term for this phenomenon is: Select one: A. observer drift B. rating separation C. fading agreement D. observer spread
answer
A
question
In the context of behavioral observation, ratings are usually made along all but which of the following dimensions? Select one: A. intensity B. pleasantness C. duration D. frequency
answer
B
question
Which of the following is a threat to the validity of an observational technique? Select one: A. all of these B. observer error C. reactivity D. a poorly defined unit of analysis
answer
A
question
Rory has problems with assertiveness. In an early meeting with a behavioral clinician, the clinician tells Rory to imagine that he's out with a friend, and the friend has decided they should eat at a restaurant that Rory dislikes. The clinician asks Rory to respond to him as if he's the friend. This type of behavioral assessment is called: Select one: A. controlled observation B. functional analysis C. role-playing D. cognitive-behavioral assessment
answer
C
question
Lisa has a history of going out to parties and getting drunk and being promiscuous. She also has a history of cutting herself on her arms and legs. She tends to her cut herself when she is experiencing emotional pain. Which of the following is a behavioral explanation for the cutting behavior? Select one: A. cutting is reinforcing to her B. cutting is an act of self-hate C. cutting is a punishment for her D. cutting is an organismic variable
answer
A
question
A clinician who is more comfortable making predictions using statistical models based upon correlations between variables rather than intuitively, based upon clinical impressions, exhibits a __________ approach to clinical judgment. Select one: A. subjective B. qualitative C. clinical D. quantitative
answer
D
question
Clinicians who approach patient data statistically and predict patient behavior according to correlations between objective variables should be aware of the fact that significant correlations may not apply to patients: Select one: A. of different cultures or subcultures B. living in different communities C. with different comorbid diagnoses D. all of these
answer
D
question
"Barnum" statements are: Select one: A. exaggerate people's characteristics, similar to fun-house mirrors B. are overly negative or pessimistic speech C. are so general as to be true of almost everyone D. are overly positive in speech
answer
C
question
According to the textbook, clinical psychologists do not appear to be particularly good at predicting future behavior. For instance, many studies show that violence is often overpredicted for both __________ and __________. Select one: A. African-Americans; convicted felons B. men; adolescents C. men; African-Americans D. men; convicted felons
answer
C
question
Which of the following illustrates bias in clinical judgment? Select one: A. Women and men endorse different combinations of depressive symptoms. B. A higher percentage of women than men are diagnosed with major depression. C. Women score higher on a measure of depression than men. D. A higher percentage of women than men are diagnosed with major depression even when both score similarly on depression measures
answer
D
question
Dr. Doyle is meeting a client for an assessment. While testing the client and gathering data about her history, a number of contradictions arise—contradictions that Dr. Doyle is unable to resolve. When it comes time to write his report, what should Dr. Doyle do? Select one: A. He should describe the contradictions in adequate detail for the reader. B. How he handles this situation will depend upon the specific referral source. C. He should omit the presence of contradictions at all, so as not to confuse the reader. D. He should mention the contradictions briefly, but play down their importance.
answer
A
question
Which of the following interpretive fallacies, as described by Meehl (1977), is best illustrated by the clinician who deems a patient non-pathological when in fact the patient demonstrates the same pathology as the clinician? Select one: A. multiple Napoleons fallacy B. understanding it makes it normal fallacy C. me-too fallacy D. sick-sick fallacy
answer
C
question
Garb (1997) reviewed the empirical evidence for social class bias, race bias, and gender bias in clinical judgment. Based on this review, the author recommended that clinicians should: Select one: A. accept only clients who are similar to the therapist in terms of race, social class, and gender to the extent possible B. use statistical prediction rules instead of clinical prediction or judgment whenever possible C. all of these D. use clinical intuition to avoid biases
answer
B
question
According to Meehl (1957), what is one of the biggest roadblocks to adopting the statistical approach to judgment and interpretation? Select one: A. There are currently too few well-validated formulas available to assist, in a meaningful way, with clinical interpretation and prediction. B. None of the answers is correct. C. Most decisions required of clinicians are too complex to be addressed through statistical means. D. Clinicians are generally not very adept at statistical analysis.
answer
A
question
According to a review of the empirical evidence for bias in clinical judgment (Garb, 1997): Select one: A. neither of these B. even when presenting the same constellation of symptoms, men are more likely to be diagnosed as antisocial and women are more likely to be diagnosed as histrionic C. women patients are judged to be more dysfunctional than men patients D. both of these
answer
B
question
Which of the following is true regarding the overall efficacy of psychotherapy? Select one: A. The overall efficacy of psychotherapy has not been empirically tested. B. Empirical evidence does not support the overall efficacy of psychotherapy. C. Although psychotherapy is efficacious for some, it is not efficacious for the majority of clients. D. Empirical evidence supports the overall efficacy of psychotherapy.
answer
D
question
Dr. Hennepin is conducting a study on a new psychotherapy for depression. The depressed clients in his study are diverse, ranging greatly both in the presence of comorbid diagnoses and the severity of their depression; the therapists also are diverse, with different types of mental health training (clinical psychology, social work) and different levels of experience. Dr. Hennepin's study has a high degree of external validity. What term is used for studies of this nature? Select one: A. an analog treatment study B. a psychotherapy efficacy study C. a psychotherapy effectiveness study D. a double-blind placebo trial
answer
C
question
Which of the following is not among the common factors of psychotherapy effectiveness? Select one: A. the expert role of the therapist B. the building of competence/mastery C. contingency management D. the therapeutic alliance
answer
C
question
What is the term for the degree to which one integrates new cultural patterns into one's original cultural patterns? Select one: A. acculturation B. accommodation C. cultural identification D. cultural sensitivity
answer
A
question
According to Orlinsky et al. (2004), all but which of the following is associated with a positive psychotherapy outcome? Select one: A. the degree to which clients reflect on, think about, and emotionally process material within sessions B. therapists' competence and adherence to the treatment protocol C. all of these D. therapists' overuse of advice and guidance
answer
D
question
According to your textbook, Smith and Glass (1977) did which of the following? Select one: A. performed a comparative study involving 90 outpatients and found that psychodynamic and behavioral therapy produced better results than no treatment at all B. published a strong but non-empirical paper supporting the general effectiveness of psychotherapy C. performed a meta-analysis of nearly 400 psychotherapy studies and concluded that psychotherapy is generally effective D. published a strong but non-empirical paper criticizing the general effectiveness of psychotherapy
answer
C
question
Your textbook talks about therapists and clients entering into a treatment "contract" after completion of the initial assessment. What is an accurate statement about such contracts? Select one: A. they usually specify the length and goals of therapy B. they usually specify the client's responsibilities while in treatment C. they may be modified as needed over time D. all of these
answer
D
question
Which of the following is not among the stages in the "Stages of Change" model proposed by Prochaska and Norcross (2002)? Select one: A. intention B. preparation C. termination D. action
answer
A
question
Which of the following is not true of manualized treatments? Select one: A. they generally require less clinical skill than treatment as usual B. they have been used by psychotherapy researchers to ensure that treatment protocols are standardized across patients C. there is usually research evidence regarding their efficacy D. they have been used outside of the research context in clinical practice
answer
A
question
Which of the following is not a criticism of psychosocial efficacy studies? Select one: A. the majority of efficacy studies are based on a single disorder B. efficacy studies typically focus on only one outcome C. clients are seen for only a fixed duration D. highly controlled studies have poor internal validity
answer
D
question
Which is not a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theories? Select one: A. too much emphasis on the role of poverty B. sexist perspectives C. too much emphasis on earlier life stages D. theories were generally untestable
answer
A
question
While they are discussing Bernie's recently deceased father, Bernie's psychodynamically oriented therapist encourages Bernie to compose a letter to his father, telling him everything he had wanted to tell him, but had failed to tell him, while he was alive. Bernie comes back the next week and tells his therapist that although writing the letter was an exhausting and very emotional exercise, he now feels much calmer than he did before. What term would Freud use to describe Bernie's experience? Select one: A. catharsis B. working through C. transference D. insight
answer
A
question
Recent review of psychodynamic psychotherapy: Select one: A. indicate that the treatment appears to be efficacious for only depression B. neither answer is correct. C. suggest that children and adolescents tend to experience more benefit than adults D. both answers are correct
answer
B
question
When a psychoanalysis patient is reluctant to discuss, remember, or think about events that are threatening, this is labeled as: Select one: A. none of these B. transference C. catharsis D. resistance
answer
D
question
According to psychodynamic perspectives, the interpretation of dreams involves an examination of the __________ of the dream to uncover the __________ of the dream. Select one: A. unconscious content; conscious meaning B. symbols; merits C. latent content; manifest content D. manifest content; latent content
answer
D
question
A psychoanalysis patient who reacts to the therapist as if the therapist represented some important figure out of childhood is demonstrating: Select one: A. insight B. resistance C. transference D. working through
answer
C
question
Research on the curative factors of psychoanalytic psychotherapy highlights the importance of: Select one: A. the facilitation of the "flight into health" B. the frequency of transference interpretations C. the quality and strength of the therapeutic alliance D. the accuracy of dream analysis
answer
C
question
Which of the following is true regarding interpersonal psychotherapy? Select one: A. has been empirically supported for treatment of depression B. none of these C. involves a psychotherapist taking a neutral, passive stance consistent with Freudian psychoanalysis D. focuses on problems in past relationships, rather than current relationships
answer
A
question
A recent meta-analysis (Cuijpers et al., 2011) on the efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression (IPT) found that: Select one: A. none of these B. IPT was superior to no treatment C. IPT was consistently superior to other psychotherapies for depression D. IPT plus medication was no better than medication alone
answer
B
question
Which is not one of the seven key features of psychodynamic psychotherapy? Select one: A. encourages patients to explore fantasy life (e.g., uncensored thoughts, feelings, dreams) B. discourages patients from focusing on affect and expressing emotions C. helps people explore their attempts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings D. focuses on the current therapy relationship
answer
B
question
Which of the following is the best definition for the term phenomenal field? Select one: A. a truly remarkable area of study B. the sum total of a given person's knowledge C. everything experienced by a person at any given point in time D. all of the locations a given person visits/occupies regularly
answer
C
question
Which term below corresponds to the basic human tendency to maintain and enhance the self? Select one: A. self-realization B. self-actualization C. achievement drive D. perfectionism
answer
B
question
According to Rogers, truly well-adjusted people: Select one: A. all of these B. are conscious of previously unconscious thoughts and impulses that had been influencing their behavior C. are conscious of childhood experiences that have contributed to their adult personalities D. are able to acknowledge and accept all of their experiences, including those not immediately consistent with their self-concept
answer
D
question
Client-centered therapists are especially likely to rely on __________ as the primary source of information about their clients. Select one: A. objective personality test data B. previous diagnoses C. client self-reports D. projective personality test data
answer
C
question
Which of the following is not a recognized shortcoming of the humanistic-existential approach to psychotherapy? Select one: A. an emphasis on feelings that leaves the therapy process vulnerable to bias and unreliability B. the use of language that suggests that other approaches are too authoritarian or inhumane C. too much emphasis on research that seems to detract from the performance of the therapy D. the use of jargon that is vague and ill-defined
answer
C
question
Humanism and existentialism therapies: Select one: A. emphasize the potential for positive growth rather than psychopathology B. emphasize the therapeutic relationship C. emphasize awareness rather than the influence of unconscious processes D. all of these
answer
D
question
Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) is best conceived as an integration of what two psychotherapy traditions? Select one: A. logotherapy and Gestalt therapy B. existential therapy and psychodynamic therapy C. client-centered therapy and existential therapy D. client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy
answer
D
question
Which of the following is true regarding the "rules" of Gestalt therapy? Select one: A. communication should focus on past problems B. questions are encouraged C. gossip (talking about someone else) is not allowed D. none of these
answer
C
question
Which of the following is true regarding research on the efficacy and effectiveness of Gestalt therapy? Select one: A. neither of these B. both of these C. an early meta-analysis (Smith et al., 1980) suggested that Gestalt therapy was more beneficial than no treatment at all D. more recent research suggests that Gestalt therapy is more effective than other forms of psychological treatment
answer
C
question
The primary goals of existential psychotherapy are accepting responsibility for one's decisions and: Select one: A. relinquishing control over decisions B. learning to tolerate anxiety C. avoiding making decisions while in treatment D. processing one's emotional past
answer
B
question
Which of the following is not one of the skills training areas outlined by dialectical behavior therapy? Select one: A. time management B. interpersonal effectiveness C. distress tolerance D. mindfulness
answer
A
question
A depressed client is seeing a therapist who uses Beck's cognitive therapy. Which of the following is the therapist least likely to do during treatment? Select one: A. identify automatic thoughts that precede a depressed mood and challenge their validity B. schedule activities to counteract the periods of inactivity that may cause one to focus on depressive feelings C. help the client search for alternative solutions to problems rather than resigning to defeat D. have the client speak extensively about his or her childhood
answer
D
question
A child is punished for lying to her parents by having her allowance reduced. Behavioral therapists would label this technique as: Select one: A. token economy B. response cost C. thought stopping D. overcorrection
answer
B
question
To achieve maximum benefit in exposure therapy: Select one: A. the client should be directed to attend as little as possible to the feared stimulus B. exposures should not provoke anxiety C. exposures should be graduated, starting with stimuli that evoke low levels of anxiety and moving up D. the duration of exposures should be short rather than long
answer
C
question
According to Ellis: Select one: A. the unconscious origins of irrational thought are the key elements to be examined during therapy B. our interpretations of events, rather than the events themselves, determine our behavioral reactions C. none of these D. therapists should focus exclusively on stimuli and responses, and should not focus on any intervening cognitive processes
answer
B
question
Which is not a common goal of rational emotive therapy (RET) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): Select one: A. helping clients to challenge their irrational beliefs B. helping clients to form more adaptive beliefs C. behavioral activity schedules that allow for positive reinforcement D. helping clients to identify maladaptive beliefs
answer
C
question
Which of the following is not a behavioral technique used by cognitive-behavioral therapies? Select one: A. role playing B. behavioral activity schedules C. identifying thoughts D. all of these are strictly behavioral techniques
answer
C
question
Data suggests that the client's perception of the therapeutic relationship: Select one: A. is less important to the outcome of behavioral therapy than to other types of psychotherapy B. is more important to the outcome of behavioral psychotherapy than to other types of psychotherapy C. is not very important to the outcome of any type of psychotherapy D. is very important to the outcome of behavioral and other forms of psychotherapy
answer
D
question
Critics of behavior therapy argue that: Select one: A. all of these B. behavioral therapy techniques can be mechanistic and dehumanizing C. behavioral therapy may relieve symptoms but does not promote inner growth or fulfillment D. behavioral treatment seems to lack a unifying theory
answer
A
question
Which of the following is not true regarding behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy? Select one: A. on average they require more sessions than most psychodynamic treatments B. they seem to be consistent with the values and activities of scientist-practitioners and clinical scientists C. empirical support regarding their efficacy and effectiveness D. a major goal is to help clients form more adaptive beliefs or behaviors
answer
A
question
Multiple transference effects are most relevant to: Select one: A. psychoanalytic group therapy B. Gestalt group therapy C. transactional analysis. D. behavioral group therapy
answer
A
question
A transactional analysis involves the determination of which ____________ are operative in a given transaction between people. Select one: A. social desirability factors B. cognitive distortions C. defense mechanisms D. ego states
answer
D
question
A group therapist who tells a client that he or she will be the focus of the session and will be on the "hot seat" is probably practicing: Select one: A. behavioral group therapy B. transactional analysis C. psychoanalytic group therapy D. Gestalt therapy.
answer
D
question
Among the curative factors of group therapy identified by Yalom (1975) is/are: Select one: A. interpersonal learning B. group cohesiveness C. altruism D. All of the answers are
answer
D
question
Which of the following is not one of the curative factors identified by Yalom (1975) for group therapy? Select one: A. identifying irrational beliefs B. instilling hope C. imparting information D. interpersonal learning
answer
A
question
From the time of its origins, family therapy has tended to emphasize __________ as the basis for psychopathology. Select one: A. conflicting priorities B. communication failure C. power differentials D. genetic factors
answer
B
question
Marla and her family are in family therapy, and Marla's mother always agrees with others, no matter what is going on. According to many family therapists, Marla's mother is: Select one: A. probably the most psychologically healthy family member. B. being passive-aggressive C. delusional D. placating
answer
D
question
Which of the following is the primary goal of emotionally focused couples therapy? Select one: A. to change partners' problematic interactional styles and emotional responses so their attachment is more secure B. to assist each partner in accurately identifying the emotions being experienced by the other C. to help partners focus on their emotional responses in the here-and-now so that they can be more spontaneous. D. to free partners to express all of their emotions to each other, both positive and negative
answer
A
question
Research has supported the efficacy of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral group interventions for the treatment of: Select one: A. depression B. pain C. social phobia D. all of these
answer
D
question
Reviews of research literature assessing the effectiveness of group psychotherapy consistently conclude that group treatment is: Select one: A. more effective than other forms of psychotherapy B. All of these answers are correct. C. more effective than no treatment D. equivalent to no treatment
answer
C
