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Art Therapy

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Uses art media, images, and the creative process. Respects client responses to the created products as reflections of development, abilities, personality, interests, concerns and conflicts

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Drama Therapy

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The systematic and intentional use of drama/theatre processes, products and associations to achieve the therapeutic goal of symptom relief, emotional and physical integration and personal growth. An active approach that helps the client tell his or her story to solve a problem, achieve catharsis, or deepen an experience

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Dance/Movement Therapy

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Based on the assumption that body and mind are interrelated and is defined as the psychotherapeutic use of movement as a process that furthers the emotional, cognitive an physical integration of the individual

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Poetry Therapy

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Also called Bibliotherapy. The intentional use of poetry and other forms of creative writing or literature for healing and personal growth

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Play Therapy

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The systematic use of a theoretical model to establish an interpersonal process wherein trained play therapists use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth and development

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Sandplay Therapy

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A creative form of psychotherapy that uses a sandbox and a large collection of miniatures to enable a client to explore the deeper layers os the psyche in a totally new format. Clients construct a series of "sand pictures" to illustrate an integrate their psychological condition

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Integrated Arts Approach or Intermodal Therapy

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involves two or more expressive therapies

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Unique Characteristics of Expressive Therapies

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Self-Expression Active Participation Imagination Mind-Body Connection

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Pros of Expressive Therapies

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Empowers the clients "creative self" Impacts clients in memorable ways Clients become actively involved in their own therapeutic treatment or process

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Cons of Expressive Therapies

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Self-Imposed Limitations ("Im not creative." Trained artists/musicians who can't let go of the rules) Clients hesitant or resistant to participate untrained therapists

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Music AS Therapy

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Music takes primary role and therapist is secondary

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Music IN therapy

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therapist takes primary role and music is secondar

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Definitions of Music Therapy Should Include

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It is an allied health profession It is evidence-based It involves a therapeutic relationship between therapist and client(s) It uses music to address the non-musical needs of individuals It is administered by a board certified music therapist (MT-BC) It follows a prescribed treatment protocol

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With whom does a Music Therapist Work?

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Mental Health Developmentally Disabled Elderly and Alzheimer's Medical/Surgical Neurological Disorders All Others

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Where do Music Therapists Work?

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Children's facilities or schools Geriatric facilities Mental health settings Self-employment/private practice Medical Settings Major Growth Areas

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Personal Qualifications of a Music Therapist

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Good Musician Excellent functional music skills Broad knowledge of different styles of music Good Physical health Emotional Stability Sincere interest in helping others Genuine Good interpersonal skills Tact Patience Reliable Ethical Good sense of humor Be able to look at situations with objectivity Creative Always invested in self-evaluation and growth Clear sense of one's own identity and healthy self-esteem Willingness to admit mistakes Willingness to take responsibility for one's own actions Lifelong Patter of self-reflection, learning and change Sincerity and honesty Sense of humor Empathy for and an interest in others Ability to maintain healthy boundaries Capacity to make realistic assessments Internal locus of control Perception of challenges as opportunities Healthy social connections an lifestyle choices Free from significant medical, emotional or social challenges

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Education Preparation of a Music Therapist

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Music core classes Ensemble experiences Functional skills on guitar, piano, voice, autoharp and other instruments Psychology Child or Human Development Statistics Anatomy Practicum: 4 Semesters Intership: 6 months, full time Completion of the National Certification Board Exam to become MT-BC

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What are the aims of therapy?

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Treatment Remedy Cure Rehabilitation Healing

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What makes music a varied and flexible art form?

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Variety of Styles Musical Diversity Structural Features Varied forms of engagement

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The Functions of Music

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influences physical response a form of communication a form of emotional expression as a symbolic representation to enforce conformity to social norms to validate social institutions and religious rituals contribute to continuity and stability of culture contribute to the integration of society aesthetic enjoyment entertainment

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Sensorimotor

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Age 0-2 Rock baby and sing, sound discrimination, infant directed speech, discovering rhythm, kicking and cooing

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Preoperational

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Age 2-7 Rapid language and conceptual growth make believe, action songs, story songs, parallel play, beat competency

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Concrete Operations

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Age 7-11 Logical thought, melodic memory, rhythmic memory, group pride, motor functioning

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Formal Operations

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Age 11-adult Abstract thought, choir, band, orchestra, dance

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Uses of Music Across the Lifespan

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exercise worship community family unity memories expression motivation

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Music is multi sensory and multidimensional meaning...

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it affects us on all levels SIMULTANEOUSLY: Physical, cognitive, emotional, and spiritual

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Music for Emotional Expression

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The result of: Inherent structure of the music itself the external/non-musical associations on has with the music biological factors-the brain neurological factors-limbic system and neurological processing

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Music for Aesthetic Enjoyment

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Aesthetic and Creative the desire we have for beautify and the process by which something new is brought into being and given form and expressions

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Music for Communication

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Music communicates human needs and values when words no longer suffice

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Music and Speech

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Both have syntax

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Music Provides a Source of Enjoyment and Gratifications

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music is fun, non-threatening and enjoyable

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Music is effective as a therapeutic tool because it is:

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Varied (style, structure and ways to engage) Flexible (therapists can alter all the elements of music to fit individual circumstance)

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What is the earliest known reference to music therapy in literature?

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"Music Physically Considered" in the Columbian Magazine in 1789

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Who was the Father of music therapy and why?

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E. Thayer Gaston Established music therapy training programs at the University of Kansas. Established first internship site. "insatiable thirst for knowledge, dedication to scholarship, and unquestioned integrity led to preeminent position in this field, and many of his associates referred to him as the 'father of music therapy'"

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Two other prominent figures in the history of music therapy?

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Isa Maud Ilsen: nurse and musician, established several specific rules of conduct for using music in hospitals still relevant to contemporary practice. Believed rhythm to be the vital therapeutic component in music. A way to alleviate pain Harriet Ayer Seymour: "What Music Can Do For You." She founded the National Foundation for Music Therapy in 1941. She was responsible for bringing live music to NY hospitals and prisons in connection with the Federal Music Project of the Works Project Administration

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Two Journals Sponsored by AMTA?

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Journal of Music Therapy and Music Therapy Perspectives

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The Clinical Process

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Systematic Spontaneous Creative Temporally Organized Knowledge Based Regulated Methodical

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Music Therapy Protocol

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Referral Assessment Treatment Plan Implementation Documentation Evaluation Termination

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Referral

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May come from physicians, psychologists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech and language pathologists, teachers, parents, social workers, clients themselves

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Assessment

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The "intake session" Identify clients' strengths and needs; history and present condition Assess musical and non-musical behavior and preferences Standardized and Non-Standardized An ongoing process throughout treatment

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Interdisciplinary Team Assessment

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Assessments made by many different team members of the allied health professions

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Treatment Plan Goals and Objectives

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Exactly WHAT you want to accomplish, the desired outcome, goals are LONG RANGE. Specific steps you will take to reach the goals; SHORT TERM "immediate goals"

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Treatment Plan Strategies

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Approach/orientation activity based vs. insight individual vs group design of specific implementation

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Implementation

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How you do what you do

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Four Primary Types of Music Experiences

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Performing/Recreating Composing Improvising Listening/Receptive

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Documentation

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reporting what takes place in the clinical setting

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Types of Documentation

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APIE notes (assessment; plan; intervention; evaluation) DAP notes (description; assessment; plan) SOAP notes (subjective/ objective/assessment/plan) Visual Charts and Graphs

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Evaluation

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Analyze Make Conclusions Give Recommendations

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Termination

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Client reachers his or her treatment goals. Maximum benefit from therapy has been received. Pre-determined length; structured; necessary Recommendations for further treatment or other services

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Professional Ethics (Standards of Conduct)

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Confidentiality Avoid Dual Relationship Competence Operating within the Scope of Practice Informed Consent Welfare of the client is chief concern Cultural Competence

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Research

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the most important tool that we have to validate the music therapy profession

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Elements of Research Articles (7)

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Abstract Introduction/Literature Review Method Results Tables/Figures Discussion or Summary References

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Four Common Types of Research

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Descriptive Experimental Qualitative Historical

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Descriptive Research

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Describes "What is" Results often expressed in percent, rank, amounts Apply to large groups of people

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Experimental Research

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"What would happen under particular circumstance" Quantitative data that describes results for groups rather than individuals Use of scientific method and statistical analysis

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Qualitative Research

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Answered questions with detailed narratives about specific situations "reality" is uniquely constructed by experiencing the event natural setting descriptive gain perspective snot findings uses surveys, interviews, observations, case studies

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Historical Research

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"What has happened in the past" Describes past events, individuals and practices that have shaped the profession

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Interdisciplinary Treatment

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Each team member represents their own discipline and take primary responsibility for particular treatment coals. Collaboration int he development of the goals and how they will be attained

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Transdisciplinary Treatment

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Team members work jointly on goals and objectives

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Approach

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a means of attaining a goal or purpose. A way of teaching or facilitating

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Methods/Models

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Usually refer to a specific way of doing a thing

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Auxilliary

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using music to meet non-musical aims, but in ways that doesn't qualify as music therapy

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Augmentative

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'Activity' based therapy that is supportive. Primarily using music 'as' therapy where there is minimal need for insight - both from the client and therapist.

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Intensive

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More 'insight-based' music 'in' therapy. Client relates to the therapist more as a therapist than a musician and the therapist works in equal partnership with other disciplines

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Primary

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Music therapy is the main treatment modality and the therapist uses both music 'in' and 'as' therapy

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Educational Approaches (5)

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Orff Schulwerk Kodaly Dalcroze Suzuki Kindermusik

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Orff-Schulwerk

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Every individual participates either through speech, singing, instrument playing or movement Recognizes the social and communicative functions of music; helps create a sense of identity and belonging Process-oriented - what happens during the music making experience is more important than the product

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Dalcroze Approach

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Expressing music through movement, sound, thought, feeing and creation Three components: Eurhythmics, Solfege, Improvisation

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Kodaly Approach

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A child development approach using a planned and sequential presentation of musical concepts

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Suzuki Method

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Begins with a listening program and introduces instrument playing at age 2 1/2 Based on the belief that all people are born with musical ability that can be developed given a proper environment and sufficient repetition of stimuli

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Kindermusik

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An early childhood music and movement program for children from birth to 7 years of age. Based on the philosophy that the home is the primary learning environment and parents are the most important teacher

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Music Therapy Specific Approaches

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Nordoff-Robins BMGIM NMT Vibroacoustics

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Nordoff-Robbins Approach

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Improvisational music therapy was effective in eliciting responses from those most seemingly unresponsive Therapists provide a musical framework for clients' actions Extensive Use of Improvised music Most suitable for developmentally disabled, hearing or visually impaired, severe multiple disabilities, emotional and behavioral disorders, physically or neurologically impaired, autistic, no verbal or musical skills required Therapists must be highly skilled in piano and vocal improvisation

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BMGIM

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The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music Powerful form of music psychotherapy the can reach deep intrapsychic material and hep individuals go beyond ordinary levels of consciousness to reach emotions material normally hidden from conscious awareness Focuses on imagery evoked by listening to specifically selected and programmed music facilitated in dyads(specific number of sessions) Goal is not relaxation but rather an active exploration of the psyche Typical Session: Prelude, Induction, Music Listening, Postlude Clients should be oriented and cognitively healthy clients who desire to increase personal awareness and or personal growth, need to be able to think symbolically, must be able to differentiate symbolic thinking from reality, must be willing and ability to communicate with the therapist

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NMT

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Neurologic Music Therapy application of music to cognitive, sensory, and motor dysfunctions due to neurologic disease of the human nervous system Neuroscience model of music perception and production and the influence of music on functional change sin nonmusical brain and behavior functions evidence based standardized terminology educated in neuroanatomy and physiology, brain pathologies, medical terminology, and rehabilitation of cognitive, motor, speech, and language functions

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Vibroacoustics

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therapeutic use of special equipment the provides both auditory input and vibrotactile stimulation to the entire body

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Psychological Philosophies, Theories, and Models

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Developmental Behavioral Psychodynamic Cognitive Humanistic Biomedical

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Developmental Music Therapy

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Uses the changes and sequences of normal child development to sequence goals and facilitate therapeutic development

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Behavioral Music Therapy

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Theoretical concepts of Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, and Thorndike. Based on observable behaviors that are targeted for change

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Psychodynamic Music Therapy

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Emphasis ois on bringing unconscious material into consciousness so that it can be dealt with and worked through, resulting in more adaptive and satisfying behaviors and relationships Based on Freud, Jung, Alder, Ericsson, Fromm Interested in identifying the motives behind what people think, feel and do

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Cognitive Behavioral Music Therapy

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Treatment confuses on hoping clients to become aware of negative or irrational thought patters or beliefs, confronting these, and finding ways to change them and thus change behavior

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Humanistic Music Therapy

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Emphasize the uniqueness, value and worth of each individual and believe everyone has the capacity to control their own lives and make good decisions; unconditional regard for client

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Biomedical Music Therapy

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Focus on biological factors that underlie emotional, physical, cognitive or behavior disorders

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Factors that influence which approach to use

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the clientele served policies of attitudes at the work place clinical and education background of the therapist

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Eclectic or Integrative Approach

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drawing freely on techniques from all types of therapy

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Musical Process

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what is happening as the music is being made or experienced

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person

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all the past experiences and attributes f both the client and the therapist

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Product

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what is created from the experience; the take-away

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context

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Environment the place wherein is occurring; the surroundings; time of day, season, temperature etc

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Focus of Music Therapy

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address non-musical goals

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ISO Principle

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meeting the client where they are

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