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Psychotherapy

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the idea where therapists use a multitude of psychological techniques when working one-on-one with patients

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Biomedical therapy

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is where a therapist meets with the patient and prescribes prescription drugs to treat the patient's physiology

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Eclectic Approach

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is based on talk therapy and is what therapists would refer to as a blended mix of techniques, such as medicine and psychotherapy. The goal is to control whatever problems the client may be suffering from

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psychoanalysis

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based on psychoanalytic therapy, was primarily used by Sigmund Freud and put a heavy emphasis on how the client associates freely, resists, dreams, and how the therapist then interprets these thoughts, eventually leading to the goal of the patient having self-insight.

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Resistance

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associated with psychoanalytic therapies, it is thought to be a way the client blocks intense, traumatic material from the consciousness

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Interpretation

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a technique associated with psychoanalysis, where the therapist takes notes of the client's dream, behaviors, and resistance, to help gain more insight

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Transference

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a psychoanalysis technique where the therapist theorizes the patient may be placing some of their personal emotions onto their close relationships. So if a client feels hateful emotions they might begin to find hateful emotions on their friendships.

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Psychodynamic

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is theoretically based on the idea of disregarding the id, ego, and superego and placing emphasis on current relationships, such as with their therapists of family, and childhood experiences. The goal is to help patients understand their current symptoms and issues, through face-to-face contract repeatedly for a pan of a few months

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Humanistic therapy

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places an emphasis on people natural potential for self-fulfillment. Offers new insights for the clients on why they are dealing with here developing issues rather than addressing them as a problem for which needs to be cured. Techniques used in this study include boosting self-fulfillment, focusing on the present, taking responsibility for one's own problems, and focusing on concise thoughts.

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carl Rogers (1902-1987)

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an American psychologist who contributed to the founding of the humanistic approach to psychology. He is also acclaimed for being one of the founders in psychotherapy research and was awarded the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the APA for his research

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Client-centered Therapy

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dried from humanistic therapy, has an emphasis on the client conscious and how they perceive themselves. Therapists apply techniques such as active listening, and respond with empathy in an attempt to facilitate personal growth

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Active listening

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a technique used mainly in humanistic therapy, where the therapist does not interpret what the client says but instead echoes, restates, and clarifies. Carl Rogers offers three hints to employ this techniques, Paraphrase, check your understanding of the speakers words, Invite Clarification, encourage the speaker to say more, and Reflect Feelings, try to imitate their feelings from what you sense from their body language and intensity.

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Behavior Therapy

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doubts the benefits of self-awareness and instead bases findings on experimenting, seeing what goes wrong, then eliminating the unwanted behavior. View problems as learned issues that can be replaced by other behaviors more beneficial to the client.

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Joseph Wolpe (1915-1997)

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was a famed psychologist whose best known for developing his systematic desensitization theory and experimenting with assertiveness training

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Exposure therapy

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based on behavioral therapy that's main goal is to treat anxiety disorders by exposing the clients to the subjects they fear and avoid. Utilizes such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy

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Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987)

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was know as "the mother of behavior therapy" due to her pioneering work in unconditioning fearful reaction in infants. Her most famous study was her experiment on Little Peter who was terribly afraid of rabbits, she knew that humans cannot be relaxed and frightened at the same time, and so put Little Pete in a relaxed environment multiple times. Each time she had a rabbit in a cage and after each encounter she moved the rabbit closer and closer to Peter, to the point where he no longer feared the rabbit at all.

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Counterconditioning

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commonly used in behavior therapies, where classical conditioning is used to evoke a response that triggers the unwanted behavior

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Systematic Desensitization

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a technique used with exposure therapies, used by therapist to associate relaxing stimuli with stimuli that generally cause an increase in anxiety and stress, this strategy has proven helpful in treating phobias

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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

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common in behavior therapies, an anxiety treating method that exposes people via electronic devices to whatever their phobias may be

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Aversive Conditioning

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Is the opposite of systematic desensitization, where behavior therapist train people to associate an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior, like smoking or drinking

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Behavior Modification

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A technique used by behavior therapists and in operant conditioning, were desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are unrewarded or sometimes punished

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Token economy

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a technique in behavior therapy were patients are rewarded for desired behavior with some sort of payment or token and then may exchange it for rewards, like a privilege or a treat

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Criticisms of Behavior Modification

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there are two main concern with behavior modification, the first being, how durable are the behaviors? For example, with he token economy, critics believe that patients may become too dependent on the extrinsic rewards, that when they stop coming, so too will the desired behaviors. They suggest that the appropriate behavior should be intrinsically rewarding enough on their own. The other cocncerns is that it may be ethically wrong for one human to control another humans behavior. Stating that the token system is just a way for therapists to pick and choose which behaviors are desired and which should be undesired.

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Cognitive therapy

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a technique in learning therapy, and assumes that our thoughts intervene with our emotional reactions and events in our lives

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Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

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was developed by psychologists Albert ellis, in cognitive therapy, a confrontational technique that's main goal is to challenge people illogical, self-defeating attitudes, and assumptions

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Albert Ellis (1913-2007)

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a psychologist mainly known for his work on developing Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, thought to be what led to cognitive behavioral therapy.

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Aaron Beck (1921-)

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he is contemporary psychiatrist whose main contribution to psychology was his involved role in developing cognitive behavioral therapy

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Beck's Therapy for Depression

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used a gentle approach to believing that changing peoples thinking can change how they function. His goal was to reverse people's harmful beliefs about themselves, situations, and futures. His techniques included gentle questioning and persuading them to change how they perceive themselves

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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

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was an integrative therapy, where the ultimate goal is to change self-defeating thinking, and is a combination of behavior therapy and cognitive therapy. Therapists use techniques such as making people aware of their negative thoughts, and practicing a positive approach to the client's everyday life

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Group therapy

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a psychoanalytical therapy, focused on beneficial behavior that comes from the group interaction. It allows people with the same issues to realize how they aren't alone in the world and provides feedback to clients who are trying to behave in different ways.

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Family Therapy

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a type of group therapy, that emphasis the relationships a person shares with those in their lives. Family therapy seeks to separate ourselves from our families yet realize we need the emotional connections they provide as well. It develops familial connections and improves connections

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Self-Help Groups

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a group therapy, emphasizing a focus on illnesses that are hard to talk about. It offers support and connectedness to others

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Clients' Perceptions

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on psychotherapy are generally positive. IN a Consumer Repost 89% of people who said they has seen a mental health professional said there were "fairly satisfied". Out of the people who said they felt poor at the start of the therapy 9 out of 10 individuals than reported feeling good or very good towards the end. Yet some skeptics of psychotherapy find that client testimonial is not enough to vouch for the effectiveness of therapy. Skeptics state that often people enter therapy in a crisis, and when the crisis passes they begin to feel better and may attribute it to the therapy. They also state that clients might just want to think therapy works to justify the effort, time and money put into it.

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Clinicians Perceptions

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are not always as helpful either, clinicians often find that many clients give lots of compliments towards the ned of a successful therapeutic treatment, but clients who only experience temporary relief from their issues were less likely to be as complimentary or reach out again to the same therapist. Therapist similar to clients, seem to judge the effectiveness of therapy by how unhappy clients are when they begin therapy and then how happy they are when they leave.

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Regression towards the mean

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when a measured variable begins to regress away from the average

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Outcome Research

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was done in an attempt to objectively measure the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Physicians in the 1800s who were skeptical of the effectiveness of some treatments being used by therapists began to find that many patients got over it if they were left untreated and occasionally would die due tot hem. One psychologist reported that 2/3 of patients were found to have improved when receiving psychotherapy for non psychotic disorders, however he also found that patients when were untreated also improved at he same 2/3 rate. One potential error in this study could be Eyesnecks small sample size in his case.

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Meta-Analysis

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is a tool used to combine statistics found in different studies

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Evidence-Based Practice

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a clinical decision making that takes the best available research done by experts and combines it with what the clients prefer and patient characteristics

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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

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a technique use by alternative therapist where therapist Francine Shapiro found when she was anxious thoughts her eyes began to move rapidly and the thoughts began to dilute. She found that when she did the rapid movement intentionally she also felt less anxious. Francine and thousands of other therapists began using this technique where they rapidly move their finger or a wand in front of the client's eyes allowing them to supposedly unlock their anxious memories

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Light Exposure Therapy

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a form of alternative therapy, and a technique used to combat seasonal pattern depressive disorder. The basic premise was to give people an intense daily dose of light to combat the depressive mood. It was found reported feeling better but skeptics suspect a placebo effect

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Three Common Therapeutic Ingredients

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a technique used by therapists to find similarities amongst all types of therapies. The three commonalities are therapies always off hope to a solution, understanding, o better life for the client. It gives a different perspective to the symptoms one might be suffering. And all therapist work hard to provide a empathetic, trusting, and caring relationship for them and their client to increase effectiveness and accuracy of the issues discussed.

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Therapeutic Alliance

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used in all therapies, is the bond of trust formed between a patient and their therapist to effectively work together to find a solution for the problems the client may be facing.

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Impact of Culture, Gender, and Values in Therapy

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it has been found that when a therapist and a client of two different cutures meet it may be harder to relate to one another on an individidualistic standpoint due to the difference in culture. For example Asian immigrants have encountered difficulties in therapies where they are asked to focus on themselves, as many Asian cultures place an emphasis on what other may expect of you. It has also been found in cases were he client is highly religious they benefit more from a therapist who values their religion just as much. The shared values allow for a stronger relationship to be built between the two.

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Resilience

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is the personal strength an individual possess to help them recover from stress and deal with trauma

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Preventing Psychological Disorders

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an alternative viewpoint offered to help combat the stigma of being psychologically challenged and find a more effective treatment option. By interpreting the psychological disorder as a reasonable response to a stressful situation rather than an illness, lower for more effective treatment and altering the toxic situation. Preventative mental health efforts include pinpointing the symptoms and working to find techniques and alleviate them in an individual

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of drugs and how they chemically affect your mind and your behavior

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Placebo Effect

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a substance that is generally supposed to have no effect on a person at all, yet even in these cases it can still produce very real responses

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Antipsychotic Drugs

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often prescribes to treat schizophrenics, such as chlorpromazine/thorazine, they assist by targeting responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli by dampening them or numbing them

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Tardive Dyskinesia

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the involuntary movements of the muscles specifically in the facial area, that is often caused by long-term use of antipsychotics

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Antianxiety Drugs

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are often used to control anxiety and agitation, such as Xanax or Ativan, and acts as a present of the central nervous system activity

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Criticism of Drug Therapies

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include similar ones to behavior therapies. It causes a reduction in symptoms but does nothing to fix the actual problem. There is also the issue that taking a pill eery time tensions rise can cause a learned response. There is also an addictive factor when it comes to the drugs, and after heavy usage, suddenly quitting can cause withdrawal like symptoms to appear

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Antidepressant Drugs

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work by lifting people from a depressed state into a more elated state. The drug works as an agonist, it increases the availability of neurotransmitters, like norepinephrine/serotonin, which can elevate one's mood. The most commonly prescribes are Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil

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Selective-Serontonin Reuptake Inhibitors

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a group of drugs used to treat a range of disorders from anxiety to strokes. They work by blocking the reabsorption/breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin, yet they are effective they do entail more potential side effects.

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Mood-Stabelizing Drugs

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often used to treat bipolar disorder, it deploys salt lithium to stabilize the mood swings commonly associated with bipolar disorder. Another drug that has been found to be effective is Depakote that assists in controlling th manic episodes bipolar tend to experience

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Electroconvulsive Therapy

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a biomedical therapy that works for severely depressed patients, where they are briefly exposed to strong electrical currents sent through their brain.

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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a technique used in alternative neurostimulation therapies, that consists of magnetic pulses of energy being applied to the brain and can either stimulate the brain or suppress its activity

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Deep Brain Stimulation

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used for depression patients when other treatment options appear inefffective, it is a techniques that stimulates the frontal lobes of the limbic system which are commonly found to be overactive in depressed patients, this excites the neurons and temporarily inhibits the negative-emoio feeding the activity's

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Psychosurgery

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a technique used by doctors in the most drastic of biomedical therapies. It is a surgery that removes or destroys part of the brain tissue to help change the undesired, depressed behavior

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Lobotomy

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was developed by psychologist Egas Moniz, and is another extreme biomedical intervention that treats emotionally uncontorollable or violent patients. It works by cutting the nerves of the frontal lobes which are connected to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

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Therapeutic Lifestyle Change

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where patients change the way they live to achieve a happier way of living, Our bodies are biologically meant to be outdoors and undergo physical activities , children and adults both experienced a reduced amount of stress after experiencing outdoor activities. Research has also showed that regular exercise and a full nights sleep led to a boosted mood and energy levels

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