Psych chapter 12 and 13 – Flashcards

meanings may vary over time, across cultures, and even within the same culture. ie being gay was once considered a psychological disorder and now isn't Some disorders and symptoms are unique to particular cultures. ie Koro an episode of intense anxiety observed mainly in Southeast Asia is the unrealistic and intense fear that sexual organs will be pulled into the body ie Susto Latino populations Someone with susto reacts to a frightening situation with the belief that her soul has left her body, which ultimately results in illness and sadness schizophrenia is evident across all cultures and throughout the world, suggesting it is universal.

Not typical in the general population psychological disorders 3 criteria: -dysfunction, indicates the degree to which a behavior interferes with daily life and relationships. -distress. Feeling regularly upset or uncomfortable because of unwanted behaviors or emotions -deviance, or the degree to which a behavior is considered to be outside the standards or rules of a society.

around 50% of the population in the United States, at some point in life, experience symptoms that meet the criteria of a psychological disorder The majority of these disorders begin before the age of 14. Longitudinal studies monitoring children through young adulthood indicate that psychological disorders are "very common," with more than 70% being diagnosed by age 30 Prevalence in us: Anxitey disorders-18.1% disruptive behavior disorders-8.9% mood disorders-9.5% Substance disorders 3.8% Any disorder 26.2%

DSM-5 is an evidence-based classification system of mental disorders first developed and published by the American Psychiatric Association used by psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and a variety of other clinicians

generalized anxiety disorder A psychological disorder characterized by an excessive amount of worry and anxiety about activities relating to family, health, school, and other aspects of daily life Panic disorder-A psychological disorder that includes recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and fear that can cause significant changes in behavior. specific phobia- A psychological disorder that includes a distinct fear or anxiety in relation to an object or situation agoraphobia- Extreme fear of situations involving public transportation, open spaces, or other public settings. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) A psychological disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming and cause a great deal of distress.(obsession- A thought, an urge, or an image that happens repeatedly, is intrusive and unwelcome, and often causes anxiety and distress. compulsion-A behavior or "mental act" that a person repeats over and over in an effort to reduce anxiety.)

major depressive disorder- A psychological disorder that includes at least one major depressive episode, with symptoms such as depressed mood, problems with sleep, and loss of energy. occur for at least 2 consecutive weeks and represent a change from prior functioning, cause significant distress or impairment, and are not due to a medical or drug-related condition persistent-long term depression bipolar disorder- cycle between extreme highs and lows of emotion and energy that last for days, weeks, or even months. During bouts of mania, a person's mood can be unusually elevated, irritable, or expansive. At the other extreme are feelings of deep sadness, emptiness, and helplessness.

dissociative amnesia- A psychological disorder marked by difficulty remembering important personal information and life events. dissociative identity disorder- A psychological disorder that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct personalities within an individual

antisocial personality disorder= A psychological disorder distinguished by unethical behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggressiveness, disregard for others, and lack of remorse. borderline personality disorder A psychological disorder distinguished by an incomplete sense of self, extreme self-criticism, unstable emotions, and feelings of emptiness. They may exhibit intense anger, have difficulty controlling their temper, and get into physical fights. They can be impulsive when it comes to sexual activity, substance abuse, and spending money, and may threaten or attempt suicide on a recurring basis. Developing intimacy may also be a struggle, and relationships tend to be unstable, tainted with feelings of mistrust and fear of abandonment. Those with borderline personality disorder may see the world in terms of black and white, rather than different shades of gray. This tendency to perceive extremes may lead a person to become overinvolved or totally withdrawn in relationships

(1) cognition, including perceptions of self, others, and events; (2) emotional responses; (3) interpersonal functioning; and (4) impulse control. In order to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, one must struggle in at least two of these four categories. In addition, these problems must be resistant to change and have far-reaching consequences for interpersonal relationships.

schizoid-detachement from relationships and limited range of emotional expression schizotypal- difficulty establishing relationships, limited abilited to maintain close realtionships and eccentric or strange behavior histrionic-extreme emotions used to gain attention avoidant- social self-consciousness, hypersensitive to feedback

schizophrenia- A disabling psychological disorder that can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal psychomotor behavior can experience psychosis-Loss of contact with reality that is severe and chronic delusions- Strange or false beliefs that a person firmly maintains even when presented with evidence to the contrary hallucinations-Perceptual-like experiences that an individual believes are real, but that are not evident to others

psychotherapy "Talk therapy"; a treatment approach in which a client works with a mental health professional to reduce psychological symptoms and improve quality of life

PSYCHIATRIST(md) - treatment of psychological disorders may include research focus. prescribes meds CLINICAL OR COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST (PhD)-research oriented and clinical practice -varies by state if they can prescribe meds CLINICAL OR COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST (PsyD)-focus on professional practice-varies by state MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELOR (MA OR MS)-focus on professional practice, cannot prescribe meds

behavior therapies- A type of therapy that focuses on behavioral change. behavior therapy aims to replace maladaptive behaviors with those that are more adaptive. If behaviors are learned, who says they can't be changed through the same mechanisms? Little Albert learned to fear rats, so perhaps he could also learn to be comfortable around them. cognitive therapy- A type of therapy aimed at addressing the maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings

Beck-overgeneralization A cognitive distortion that assumes self-contained events will have major repercussions. suggests that cognitive schemas underlie these patterns of automatic thoughts, directing the way we interpret events. The goal is to restructure these schemas into more rational frameworks. Beck's cognitive therapy aims to dismantle or take apart the mental frameworks harboring cognitive errors and replace them with beliefs that nurture more positive, realistic thoughts.

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) A type of cognitive therapy, developed by Ellis, that identifies illogical thoughts and converts them into rational ones An REBT therapist uses the ABC model to understand a client's problems. Point A represents an Activating event in the client's life ("My boss fired me"); point B stands for the irrational Beliefs that follow ("I will never be able to hold a steady job"); and point C represents the emotional Consequences ("I feel hopeless and depresssed) Therapy focuses on addressing point B, the irrational beliefs causing distress. If all goes well, the client successfully reaches point D: Disputing flawed beliefs ("Losing one job does not spell the end of my career"), and that leads to point E: an Effective new philosophy ("I am capable of being successful in another job"), a mature and realistic perspective on life

person-centered therapy- A form of humanistic therapy developed by Rogers; aimed at helping clients achieve their full potential According to Rogers, each person has a natural tendency toward growth and self-actualization, or achieving one's full potential. But expectations from family and society can stifle the process. He suggested these types of external factors often cause an incongruence, or a mismatch, between the client's ideal self (often involving unrealistic expectations of who she should be) and real self (the way the client views herself). The main goal of treatment is to reduce the incongruence between these two selves. This type of therapy is nondirective, in that the therapist follows the lead of the client. The goal is to help clients see they are empowered to make changes in their lives and continue along a path of positive growth. The assumption is that all humans have an innate drive to become fully functioning. The focus in person-centered therapy is not therapeutic techniques; the goal is to create a warm and accepting relationship between therapist and client. This therapeutic alliance is based on mutual respect and caring between the therapist and the client, and it provides a safe place for self-exploration. At this point, you may be wondering what exactly the therapist does during sessions. If a client has all the answers, why does he need a therapist at all? Sitting face-to-face with a client, the therapist's main job is to "be there" for that person through empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and active listening, all of which are essential for building a therapeutic alliance

That being said, there is solid evidence suggesting that therapy usually "works," especially if it is long-term. In one large study investigating the effects of psychotherapy, all therapeutic approaches performed equally well across all disorders. But there is one caveat: Individuals who were limited by their insurance companies in terms of therapist choice and duration of treatment did not see the same improvement as those who were less restricted by their insurance (Seligman, 1995). Similarly, people who start therapy but then quit prematurely tend to experience less successful outcomes (Swift & Greenberg, 2012). Around 50% of clients show "clinically significant improvement" after 21 psychotherapy sessions, whereas some 75% show the same degree of improvement after twice that many sessions (Lambert, Hansen, & Finch, 2001). Given the many types of therapeutic approaches, the uniqueness of the client, and the variety of therapists, it is challenging to identify an approach that works best for every client (Pope & Wedding, 2014). But we can say this with relative confidence: Psychotherapy is "cost-effective, reduces disability, morbidity, and mortality, improves work functioning, decreases the use of psychiatric hospitalization, and . . . leads to reduction in unnecessary use of medical and surgical services"

each of those cultures has its own set of social norms dictating when to be quiet, when to speak, and how to express oneself. When the therapist and client do come from different worlds, it is the therapist's job to get in touch with the client's unique perspective. That includes being respectful of cultural norms

antidepressant drugs- Psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression. Weight gain, fatigue, hot flashes and chills, insomnia, nausea, and sexual dysfunction are all possible side effects. Some research suggests that they work no better than a placebo when it comes to treating mild to moderate depression. But these drugs can be very beneficial in reducing the potentially devastating symptoms of depression. Improvement is generally noticed within 3-5 weeks of starting treatment.

mood-stabilizing drugs- Psychotropic medications that minimize the lows of depression and the highs of mania. Doctors must be very careful when prescribing lithium, monitoring the blood levels of patients who use it. Too small a dose will fall short of controlling bipolar symptoms, whereas one that is too large can be lethal. Even when the amount is just right, mild side effects such as hand tremors, thirst, and nausea may occur anticonvulsants may increase the risk of suicide or of possible suicide masked as violent death through injury or accident

antipsychotic drugs- Psychotropic medication used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. potential side effects, such as weight gain, increased risk for Type 2 diabetes, sexual dysfunction, and heart disease (Ücok & Gaebel, 2008). And although these drugs reduce the symptoms in 60-85% of patients, they are not a cure for the disorder.

antianxiety drugs Psychotropic medications used for treating the symptoms of anxiety A key benefit of benzodiazepines is that they are fast-acting. But they are also dangerously addictive, and mixing them with alcohol can produce a lethal cocktail. Benzodiazepines ease anxiety by enhancing the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) A biomedical treatment of severe depression that induces seizures in the brain through electrical currents. can be an effective treatment for depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia in people who haven't responded well to psychotherapy or drugs The major downside of ECT is its tendency to induce confusion and memory loss, including anterograde and retrograde amnesias

neurosurgery A biomedical therapy that involves the destruction of some portion of the brain or connections between different areas of the brain One of these surgeries has been a lifesaver for a select few suffering from a severe, drug-resistant form of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the precise effects have yet to be determined. People suffering from severe seizure disorders sometimes undergo split-brain operations—the surgical separation of the right and left hemispheres.