question

Bindge eating

answer

Obese individuals with BED more likely to experience the following compared to non-binge eating obese individuals or normal-weight controls Anxiety #1- Depression Obsessive-compulsive disorder Paranoid ideation Psychoticism Borderline personality

question

NIGHT EATING SYNDROME

answer

Linked to obesity but not always the cause of weight change Characterized as "Eating Disorder" Common components include: Late-night eating (25-50% of energy after evening meal) Insomnia - need to eat to fall back asleep Depressed mood No control over their eating Distress/shame Circadian rythms

question

Personality traits and BMI

answer

Impulsivity-related traits may predict High neuroticism associated with higher BMI Conscientiousness and extraversion and openness were protective of BMI

question

Stigmas of obesity

answer

23.5% had stigmatizing attitudes toward obesity 55% undetermined 21.5% did no have stigmatizing attitudes toward obesity

question

Discrimination

answer

Employment School Health care Interpersonal relationships Higher reported discrimination in women than men Life domains most at risk is uncertain

question

Discrimination values

answer

The prevalence of weight/height discrimination increased from 7% to 12% Women reported 10% to 15.5% Men reported 4.1 to 8.1%

question

Direct cost of obesity

answer

Those costs which can be identified specifically with a particular sponsored project Can be directly assigned to such activities, relatively easily and with a high degree of accuracy The health care resources applied to obesity and its attributable conditions $147 billion

question

Indirect cost

answer

A cost that is not directly related to the production of a specific good or service but that is indirectly related to a variety of goods or services The reduction in the level of economic activity due to the illness and premature death attributable to obesity Wages and productivity lost Absenteeism Reduced efficiency Disability pensions $66 billion

question

Intangible (personal)

answer

Social or personal costs or losses associated with obesity Quality of Life Your personal satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) with the cultural or intellectual conditions under which you live

question

Total cost

answer

$215 billion

question

Obesity as a Complex Polygenic Disease

answer

Multiple genetic and non-genetic factors Multiple genes associated with some aspect of weight management Organ systems that can influence weight RMR, physical activity, energy storage

question

Obesity as a Monogenic Disorder

answer

Mutations in single genes Rare instances Leptin - Secreted by adipose tissue Increases energy expenditure Decreases appetite Leptin gene and receptors Strong association among rodents Prader-Willi Syndrome -Chromosome 15 abnormality SHOW genetic influence unlikely the explanation for most obesity

question

correlations for twins BMI

answer

.79

question

What is the correlation between BMI and Body Fat Percentage

answer

greater thann .7%

question

Body compartments

answer

2 compartment model most common Fat mass Fat free mass- everything excluding fat tissue bone, body water, protein Bone mineral mass total body water

question

Skinfolds

answer

using calipers Female athlete- only 10% error other- 35% error 13-22% agreement

question

BIA (Bioimpedance analysis)

answer

Electrical current passes most quickly where resistance is lowest Impedance to electric current flow relates to the quantity of total body water; this in turn relates to FFM, body density, and percentage of body fat A low level electrical current is passed through the body and the impedance (opposition to flow current) is measured Total body water is estimated from impedance due to electrolytes in water being good conductors. Big range of error 10-5% limits of agreement

question

Hydrostatic weighing

answer

Water Displacement Hydrostatic weighing Calculates body composition from D=M/V Body weight in air Body volume /wt in air minus wt in water Adjustment for residual lung volume and density of water -4 to 1.9% agreement

question

Bod POd

answer

Uses air displacement to determine body volume and density Mass/volume 2-7& liits of agreement

question

Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

answer

2 low energy x-ray beams penetrate bone and soft tissue areas Computer software reconstructs x-ray beams to produce an image of the underlying tissues Quantifies bone mineral content, total fat mass, fat-free mass, and regional mass Considered the "Gold Standard" -3.8 to 2.8%

question

Ct and MRI

answer

CT uses x-rays to capture images of body MRI uses non-ionizing radio frequency signals most accurate

question

what is the gold-standard for dietary intake

answer

Multiple pass, 24-h recalls

question

Food/Dietary Records

answer

A participant records all foods and beverages consumed for a period of time 1, 3, 4, 7, 14-day Open-ended Advantages Eliminates need for memory - no recall bias Traditionally considered the "gold" standard but has know weaknesses Detailed data No interviewer required Disadvantages Require cooperative subjects High participant burden - high motivation needed Act of recording may alter diet Labor intensive and expensive analysis software Multiple days required

question

Food frequency questionare

answer

Procedure A subjective questionnaire that lists specific foods and asks if a person has consumed them and how much and for how often Often used in large cohort studies and over 6 months to 1 year Advantages Inexpensive in time and money Self-administered Reduces respondent burden May be useful to identify individuals who need dietary counseling Disadvantages Need specific FFQ to target special populations Relies on memory Close-ended - reduces accuracy Specific software needed to scan responses

question

24 hr recall

answer

Procedure A patient is interviewed and asked to recall all food and beverages consumed within the last 24 hours Can be done in person or over the phones Subjective Strengths Actual information Inexpensive in time and money for participant Easily administered Requires short-term memory Weaknesses Relies on memory - recall bias Trained interviewer needed and participant needs to be cooperative Using only a single day to determine overall intake Under/over reporting occurs - multiple days needed

question

Multiple pass 24 hr recall

answer

Similar to regular 24-hour recall; however, it includes several different levels of questions or "Passes" aimed at obtaining as much dietary information as possible Some consider this the "gold standard" Computerized multiple pass recalls are likely the wave of the future

question

Food/dietary history

answer

Interview or Combining food records with interviews Subjective Advantages Differentiates weekdays and weekends Home vs. eating out Documents food intake over a long period Assesses usual intake Disadvantages High levels of interviewer skill Expensive in time and money Needs follow-up with prospective food record

question

Food consumption record

answer

Observation of a person or family within their home Actual dietary data obtained Not accurate for those who eat out alot

question

Weighed plate waste

answer

Procedure Weigh foods before and after consumption and recorded for a period of time Dietary analysis using various software are used to determine energy and macronutrient content Advantages Objective determination of energy and macronutrient consumption Memory not needed Precise determination of food portions Disadvantages Increased time and burden on participant Increased cost Nutritional software, weigh scales, analysis

question

Visual plate waste

answer

Procedure Food consumption is observed via pictures Trained individuals estimate portion sizes for amount served vs. amount consumed Strengths Does not rely on self-report or memory Weaknesses Intrusive and reactive Time consuming and expensive

question

Under reporting lean women vs. overweight women

answer

Lean women under-reported by 23% & 30% Obese women under-reported by 39% and 38%

question

PA records

answer

Recording details of PA as completed Frequency, intensity, duration, mode Assess PA sources and patterns

question

Pa logs

answer

Similar to records Usually a checklist of activities to be checked as completed Often short (1-page)

question

PA recalls

answer

Interviews that identify volume of PA completed in a specified period of time Subject asked to recall their activity levels Is not interactive, i.e., risks influencing PA

question

Pedometers

answer

Horizontal lever arm that moves vertically as the hip/back/foot moves Some estimate 2000-2500 steps is equal to walking a mile 10,000 steps/day Actual energy expenditure determination is difficult Limitations include poor quality, inability to detect different stride lengths, speeds, directions of movements, types of movements

question

Accelerometry

answer

Measures change in velocity (acceleration) Usually assessed vertical movement but can also assess other planes Provide epochs or count values

question

direct measurment of EE Indirect

answer

Direct Calorimetry Doubly Labeled Water Oxygen Uptake Heart Rate

question

Direct measurment of PA indirect

answer

PA records PA logs PA recalls Pedometers Accelerometers PA questionnaires Cardiorespiratory fitness

question

Adaptive thermogenesis

answer

"The change in energy expenditure following acute and/or long-term overfeeding and underfeeding."1 "AT refers to the decrease in REE beyond those decreases accounted for by changed fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM)."2 "Difference in predicted and actual measured resting energy expenditure."3 Reflects, "...the body's potential to adapt its energy expenditure to attenuate the impact of fluctuations in energy balance on body energy stores."1 "Resistance to lose fat; the inability to reach satiety at energy balance in a weight-reduced obese state; the long-term persistence of depressed thermogenesis following weight loss."1

Obesity test 1 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards