Cancer Chapter 12 – Flashcards
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What is the abnormal uncontrolled multiplication of cells
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Cancer
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A tumor that is not cancerous
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Benign tumor
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A tumor that is capable of spreading and is cancerous
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Malignant tumor
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Metastasis
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The spread of cancer cell from one part of the body to another
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What is a primary tumor
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(the cancers original location)
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What is a secondary tumor
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Cells that have travel to different parts of the body where they establish new cancer cells and create a new tumor.
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Remission
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A period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease.
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What is the gene that women inherit a copy of that increases their risk of breast and ovarian cancer?
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BRCA1 (breast cancer gene 1)
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FYI: heredity and genetics are important factors in a person's risk of cancer- some mutations are inherited while others are caused by environmental factors such as radiation, chemical pollution, or certain viruses
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FYI: smoking is responsible for at least 80% of lung cancers and 30% of all cancer deaths
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What are the higher risk items eaten that MAY increase your risk of cancer?
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fried foods, diet high in fat and meat, maybe fiber FYI: fruits and vegetables may act against cancer
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What are some carcinogens in the environment?
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microbes (bacteriaa, viruses, parasites: ingested chemicals industrial pollution radiation (UV rays, x-rays)
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What is a phytochemical?
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a naturally occurring substance found in plant foods that may help prevent chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease; (phyto means "plant")
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The removal of a small piece of body tissue to allow for microscopic examination; a needle biopsy uses a needle to remove a small sample of tissue, but some biopsies require surgery
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Biopsy
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light rays of a specific wavelength emitted by the sun; most UV rays are blocked by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
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ultraviolent radiation (UV)
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What are the common side effects of chemotherapy?
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nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hair loss
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What are the 4 types of cancer?
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1. Carncinoma 2. Sarcoma 3. Lymphoma 4. Leukemia
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What is a carcinoma?
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Cancer that originates in epithelial tissue (skin, glands, and lining of the internal organs)
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What is a sarcoma?
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cancer arising from bone, cartilage, or striated muscle
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What is lymphoma?
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a tumor originating from lymphatic tissue
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What is leukemia?
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cancer of the blood or blood- forming cells
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What type of cancer is the most common?
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carcinoma
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What is the cancer that is the most common cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.?
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Lung cancer
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What is the main risk factor of lung cancer?
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tobacco smoke
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FYI:lung cancer is difficult to detect; symptoms don't usually appear until the disease has advanced to the invasive stage
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FYI:persistent cough, chest pain, or reoccurring bronchitis may be the first indication of a tumor presence in the lungs
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This is the third most common type of cancer?
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colo-rectal
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What are some risk factors of colo-rectal cancer?
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age (50 and older), hereditary, polyps, excessive alcohol use, smoking, obesity, diet rich in red and processed meats, smoked meats, high complex carbohydrates
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What is a warning sign of colo-rectal cancer?
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bleeding from the rectum and a change in bowel habits
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Regular screening tests for colo-rectal cancer should be started at what age?
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50- (earlier if hereditary concerns) *screening tests are recommended every 5-10 years *a yearly stool blood test can detect blood in the stool long before it is noticed
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What is the most common cancer in women?
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Breast cancer
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What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
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genetics! early onset of menstruation, late onset of menopause, having no children or having a first child after age 30, current use of hormone replacement therapy, alcohol use
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Any factor that increases this hormone may increase your risk of breast cancer- what am I?
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estrogen
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The ACS (American cancer society) recommends a mammogram for women the age over ?????
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40 years old
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What is a low-dose x-ray of the breasts used to check for early signs of breast cancer?
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mammogram
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What is the treatment for breast cancer?
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lumpectomy (removal of a lump and surrounding tissue of the breast) or a mastectomy (removal of entire breast)
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A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer?
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oncologist
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A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders, including cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma?
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hematologist
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An antibody designed to bind a specific cancer-related target?
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monoclonal antibody
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an imaging method in which sound waves are bounced off body structures to create an image on a TV monitor; also called ultrasound
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ultrasonography
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The percentage of patients diagnosed with a certain disease who will be alive five years after the date of diagnosis; used to estimate the prognosis of a particular disease
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five year survival rate
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The inability to control the flow of urine
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incontinence
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What is the most common cancer in men?
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prostate; it is the leading cause of cancer in men and the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in men
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a diagnostic test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
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What are the risk factors of prostate cancer?
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age, inherited genetic pre-disposition, African-American men and Jamaican men of African descent, diet high in calories, dairy products, obesity, inactivity, history of std's, type 2 diabetes
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What are the warning signs of prostate cancer?
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changes in urinary frequency, weak or interrupted urine flow, painful urination, and blood in the urine
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A mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose; also called a neoplasm
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tumor
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a system of vessels that returns proteins, lipids, and other substances from fluid in the tissues to the circulatory system
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lymphatic system
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The treatment of cancer with chemicals that selectively destroy cancerous cells
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chemotherapy
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a small, usually harmless mass of tissue that projects from the inner surface of the colon or rectum
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polyp
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Cervical cancer
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cancer of the cervix, virtually all cases of cervical cancer stem from infection by HPV, a group of about 100 related viruses that also causes common warts and genital wart
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This is associated with multiple sexual partners and is extremely rare in women that have not had sexual intercourse; smoking, immunosuppression, and prolonged use of oral contraceptives have been associated with increased risk of.....
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cervical cancer
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What is the test used to screen for cervical cancer?
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Pap test
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What is cervical dysplasia?
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When cells are abnormal but not yet cancerous
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All women between the ages of 21 and 65 should have this test completed?
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pap test
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What is endometrial cancer?
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cancer of the uterine lining- usually requires a hysterectomy to remove the uterus
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What are the early symptoms of ovarian cancer?
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Increased abdominal size and bloating, urinary urgency, and pelvic pain, (it can not be detected by a pap test so it is often diagnosed late in its development)
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What are the risk factors of ovarian cancer?
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Increasing age (after age 60), never having been pregnant, family history of breast or ovarian cancer, obesity, and a specific genetic mutation such as BRCA1
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How is ovarian cancer treated?
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Ovarian cancer is treated by surgical removal of both ovaries; sometimes radiation and chemotherapy are used in addition to surgery
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What is the most common type of cancer?
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skin cancer; most are easily curable
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FYI: melanoma is most common type of skin cancer
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Artificial sources of UV radiation including tanning beds and sunlamps are known human carcinogens
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Melanoma
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malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented cells; usually a mole
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What is a major risk factor of melanoma?
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excessive exposure to UV radiation from the sun or radiation
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What are some risk factors of skin cancer?
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having many moles, spending time at high altitudes, and a family history of the disease
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What are the 3 main types of skin cancer?
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1. basal cell carcinoma (usually benign) 2. squamous cell carcinoma (malignant) 3. Melanoma (most dangerous and spreads rapidly) These are often painless but may bleed and form a crust on the skin
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What can you do to help prevent melanoma?
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To avoid over exposure to sunlight, use sunscreens and sun protective clothing
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How to help detect skin cancer?
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Examine your skin regularly
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Head and neck cancer including cancer of the pharynx, larynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity is usually associated with what behavior?
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smoking cigarettes, tobacco use, cigar smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption
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This is a rare cancer in men but it is the most common cancer in men ages 20-35.
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Testicular cancer- treatment of testicular cancer is removal of a testicle
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A scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer
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Pap test
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Benign skin cancer of the base of the outermost layer of the skin
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basal cell carcinoma
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Malignant cancer of the surface of the outermost layer of the skin.
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squamous cell carcinoma
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A substance used to protect the skin from UV rays; usually applied as a lotion, cream, or spray
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sunscreen
