question

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

answer

glucose

question

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

answer

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

question

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it

answer

all of the above

question

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

answer

essential fatty acids.

question

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

answer

fats

question

During lipolysis

answer

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

question

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

answer

urea

question

Urea is formed in the

answer

liver.

question

For children there are ________ essential amino acids.

answer

10

question

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the

answer

postabsorptive state.

question

Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe

answer

all of the above

question

When chyme arrives in the duodenum, CCK release triggers the secretion of which enzyme?

answer

When chyme arrives in the duodenum, CCK release triggers the secretion of which enzyme?

question

In most tissues, the transport of glucose into the cell is dependent on the presence of a carrier protein that is stimulated by which of the following?

answer

insulin

question

Choose the correct statement regarding glycolysis.

answer

There is a net gain of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule converted to two molecules of pyruvate

question

Why is glucose the primary energy source for cells?

answer

It can be efficiently stored as glycogen, which forms compact, insoluble granules.

question

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the

answer

chylomicrons

question

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid.

answer

transferred to another molecule

question

During the absorptive state,

answer

the liver forms glycogen and insulin levels are elevated.

question

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center?

answer

The respiratory centers are stimulated.

question

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

answer

gout

question

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

answer

20

question

A balanced diet should

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following basic food groups provides complete proteins?

answer

meats and beans

question

An excess of which water-soluble vitamin results in polycythemia?

answer

B12 (cobalamin)

question

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

answer

A

question

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin

answer

E

question

A deficiency in vitamin D would result in which of the following disorders?

answer

rickets

question

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

answer

pyridoxine (B6)

question

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

answer

folic acid (folate).

question

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

answer

hypervitaminosis.

question

The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group?

answer

all of the above

question

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

answer

D

question

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

answer

vitamin A

question

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-gain center?

answer

In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.

question

Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact?

answer

conduction

question

Convection:

answer

is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body.

question

Which of the following activities expends the greatest amount of energy, as in calories per hour?

answer

competitive swimming

question

Which statement regarding long-term regulation of appetite is true?

answer

Leptin, a peptide hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides, stimulates the satiety center.

question

Choose the correct characteristic regarding the short-term mechanism of control of the hypothalamic satiety and feeding centers.

answer

Several hormones of the digestive tract, including CCK, suppress appetite during the absorptive state.

question

On a tour of African countries, Don contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in

answer

all of the above

question

Which fat-soluble vitamin is essential for liver synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors?

answer

vitamin K

question

Beriberi is an effect of deficiency of which water-soluble vitamin?

answer

vitamin B1 (thiamine)

question

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

answer

the ureters

question

Urine is eliminated through the

answer

urethra

question

The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by

answer

all of the above

question

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

answer

pyramids

question

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

answer

renal corpuscle.

question

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

answer

peritubular

question

______ deliver blood to the glomerulus.

answer

Afferent arterioles

question

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is

answer

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.

question

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

answer

all of the above

question

The process of filtration occurs at

answer

the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

question

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

answer

180

question

Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH?

answer

5 and 6

question

The process of filtration is driven by

answer

blood hydrostatic pressure

question

Substances larger than ________ do not pass through the filtration membrane.

answer

albumin

question

The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe.

answer

minor calyx

question

Identify the structure labeled "9."

answer

renal pelvis

question

Which renal structure begins in the renal cortex, and carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla?

answer

collecting duct

question

The proximal convoluted tubule is the main region responsible for _____ .

answer

reabsorbing nutrients.

question

Which of the following reabsorbs 25% of the water in the nephron?

answer

nephron loop

question

The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow.

answer

mesangial cells

question

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures: Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure?

answer

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

question

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?

answer

all of the above

question

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except

answer

stem cell movements

question

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

answer

cotransport with Na ions

question

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

answer

both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

question

Antidiuretic hormone

answer

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

question

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

answer

absence of ADH

question

An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

answer

renal failure

question

What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc) are reabsorbed in the PCT?

answer

99%

question

Which of the following is greater? (regarding concentration of solute in loop of henle)

answer

the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

question

The general characteristics of normal urine do not include which of the following?

answer

a volume of 100-250 mL/day

question

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

answer

more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

question

The filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle has:

answer

the same osmotic concentration as plasma

question

________ is an immediately life-threatening condition, however, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible.

answer

Acute renal failure

question

Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible?

answer

chronic renal failure

question

As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream?

answer

bicarbonate ions

question

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes has the lowest concentration (mg/dL) in normal urine?

answer

uric acid

question

What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule?

answer

number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane

question

Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion?

answer

Na+-H+ countertransport

question

The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes?

answer

sodium

question

The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms?

answer

the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane

question

During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space?

answer

an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium

question

Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways?

answer

transcellular

question

Which factor controlling glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually 0 mm Hg under normal circumstances?

answer

capsular colloid osmotic pressure

question

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

answer

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

question

The detrusor muscle

answer

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

question

During the micturition reflex,

answer

stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord

question

The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

answer

True

question

The extracellular fluid (ECE) consists of the

answer

all of the above

question

When pure water is consumed,

answer

osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

question

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

answer

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

question

Consuming a meal high in salt will

answer

result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

question

To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties should this substance not have in order to be effective?

answer

permeable to brain plasma membranes

question

Intracellular fluid (ICE) is found only within

answer

the cells of the body

question

Which of the following bulk minerals has the highest recommended dietary allowance (RDA), at 4700 mg?

answer

potassium

question

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

answer

potassium.

question

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?

answer

copper

question

Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?

answer

aldosterone

question

Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

answer

natriuretic peptides

question

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of

answer

sodium ions

question

The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

answer

both decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

question

Which nervous system structure(s) relays the sensation of urinary bladder fullness to the cerebral cortex in the micturition reflex?

answer

projection fibers

question

The condition called ________ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes.

answer

dysuria

question

Hormonal or metabolic complications such as those associated with diabetes or glomerulonephritis result in:

answer

polyuria

question

Which electrolyte is absorbed along the digestive tract via active transport only?

answer

Fe2+

question

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

answer

all of the above

question

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

answer

buffer

question

Protein buffer systems:

answer

depend on the ability of amino acids to respond to pH changes by accepting or releasing H+.

question

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

answer

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

question

Which statement accurately describes responses to metabolic acidosis?

answer

The respiratory response to acidosis involves lowering the PCO2

question

In the renal response to metabolic acidosis:

answer

the renal tubule cells increase the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the ECF.

question

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

answer

the kidneys

question

Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to

answer

metabolic acidosis.

question

Hypoventilation leads to

answer

respiratory acidosis.

question

A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for

answer

respiratory alkalosis

question

Which of the following is an extensive mesentery that attaches to the sides and floor of the pelvic cavity?

answer

broad ligament

question

Identify the structure labeled "12."

answer

vagina

question

Which uterine structure provides much of the force needed to move a fetus out of the uterus and into the vagina?

answer

myometrium

question

The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the

answer

cervix

question

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle,

answer

the functional zone of the endometrium is restored

question

The vulva includes all of the following, except the

answer

vagina

question

The clitoris

answer

all of the above

question

During the menses

answer

the old functional layer is sloughed off.

question

Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of

answer

progesterone

question

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

answer

ovulation

question

Which is correct regarding surgical sterilization in males?

answer

In a vasectomy, each ductus deferens is cut and either a segment is removed (and the ends tied or cauterized) or silicone plugs are inserted

question

Choose the correct statement regarding testicular cancer.

answer

Testicular cancer is the most common cancer among males aged 15-35.

question

Regarding potassium balance:

answer

it exists when the rate of urinary potassium excretion matches the rate of digestive tract absorption

question

When the pH of blood plasma is at 7.50:

answer

alkalemia exists.

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