Health and Wellness test 4 – Flashcards
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stressor
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physical or psychological event or condition that produces physical and emotional reactions
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example of a stressor?
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having a baby
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stress response
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the physical and emotional reactions to a stressor
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stress
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the general physical and emotional state that accompanies the stress response
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parasympathetic division
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division of the autonomic nervous system that moderates the excitatory effect of the sympathetic division, slowing metabolism and restoring energy supplies
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sympathetic division
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division of the autonomic nervous system that reacts to danger or other challenges by almost instantly accelerating body processes
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endocrine system
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system of glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to influence metabolism and other body processes
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what is the fight or flight reaction?
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a defense reaction that prepares a person for conflict or escape by triggering hormonal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and other changes
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homeostasis
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a state of stability and consistency in a persons psychological functioning
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somatic nervous system
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branch of peripheral nervous system that governs motor functions and sensory information, largely under our conscious control
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Type A personality
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-aggression - competitiveness - need for control - quantity over quality - risk for stress related illnesses `
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Type B personality
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- live at low stress levels - work steadily - enjoy achievement - disregard physical or mental stress when they do not achieve
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Type C personality
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- outwardly quiet and thoughtful, inwardly frustrated and angry - appears to lack emotion - does not usually assert themselves - wants to pacify others
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Type D personality
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- worry - irritability - gloom -lack of self assurance
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what hormone is involved in the regulation of mood that may be important in gender differences in the response to stressors?
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oxytocin
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Hans Selye theorized....
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all individuals respond to all types of threatening situations in the same manner, and he called this the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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normal progression for GAS
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- Alarm: body is more susceptible to disease or injury, because it is geared up to deal with a crisis - Resistance: new level of homeostasis in which body is more resistant to disease and injury than normal -Exhaustion: life-threatening type of physiological state characterized by distorted perceptions and disorganized thinking
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fight or flight response takes place during which stage of GAS?
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alarm stage
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new level of homeostasis takes place during which phase of GAS?
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resistance
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eustress
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moderate or normal psychological stress interpreted as being beneficial for the experiencer
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long term wear and tear of the stress response has been termed?
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allostatic load
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psychoneuroimmunology is an interaction of?
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interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the body
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individuals who has trouble expressing their anger might benefit from?
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assertiveness training
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relaxation technique that directly addresses muscle tension
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progressive relaxation
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progressive relaxation
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teaches you how to relax your muscles through a 2 step process 1. systematically tense particular muscle groups 2. release tension and notice how your muscles feel when you relax them
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relaxation technique that asks the person to identify all the perceptible qualities of a relaxing environment
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visualization
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stress management technique that emphasized balancing an energy source that surrounds and permeates all things is?
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Thi Chi
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the leading cause of death in the US is..?
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cardiovascular disease
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6 major risk factors for cardiovascular disease that can be changed are..?
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- tobacco use - High Blood Pressure - high cholesterol levels - physical inactivity - obesity - diabetes
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smoking affects the cardiovascular system by?
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decreasing blood oxygenation
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exposure to ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) results in approximately?
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46,000 deaths of non smokers
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sustained high blood pressure is an indicator of
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Hypertension
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high blood pressure contributes to CVD by?
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high blood pressure causes scarred arteries that fill with plaque and become more prone to blood clots
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what are the symptoms of hypertenison?
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- most people have no symptoms - headaches - shortness of breath - nosebleeds
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what is the form of blood fat that carries cholesterol out from the liver to other parts of the body and can lead to cholesterol deposits on artery walls?
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low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
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what is the form of cholesterol that shuttles cholesterol back to the liver for recycling?
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High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
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for adults, a desirable level of total cholesterol is less than _____ mg/dl
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200
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a desirable level of HDL for adults is?
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60 or more mg/dl
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the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) recommends that an adult have an LDL cholesterol level less than..?
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100 mg/dl
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how does exercise alter blood fat levels?
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decreasing blood pressure and resting heart rate, increasing HDL levels
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cardiovascular disease risk is greatest for people who tend to store body fat where?
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the torso
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recommended level of triglycerides for adults is?
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less than 150 mg/dl
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the risk of heart attack increases dramatically after age _____
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55
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a blood pressure reading of 120/80 is classified as?
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normal blood pressure
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how is hypertension usually detected?
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by having your blood pressure tested
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a person with high blood pressure should increase her or his intake of what?
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- fruits - vegetables - whole grains *** foods rich in potassium and fiber
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atherosclerosis
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-cardiovascular disease in which the inner layers of artery walls are made thick and irregular by deposits of fatty substance -internal channel of the arteries become narrowed - blood supply is reduced
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atherosclerosis in an artery supplying blood to the heart is called what?
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plaques
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the heart muscle receives its blood supply from where?
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coronary arteries
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when a coronary artery is completely blocked, the result is what?
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heart attack
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the most common symptom associated with angina pectoris is?
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-extreme tightness in chest - heavy pressure behind the breastbone, shoulder, neck, arm, hand, back
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an arrhythmia is what?
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an irregularity in the force or rhythm of the heartbeat
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sudden cardiac death most often due to what?
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ventricle fibrillation
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ventricle fibrillation
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quivering of the ventricle that makes it ineffective in pumping blood
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blockage of blood supply to the brain causes what?
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stroke
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a stroke caused by a ruptured blood vessel is what?
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hemorrhagic stroke
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why do strokes cause permanent damage?
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it damages brain cells
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congestive heart failure
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-hearts inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it - blood backs up in veins leading to heart - causes an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body
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______ measures the electrical activity of the heart and can be used to detect the presence of heart disease
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ECG or EKG
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the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) recommends that daily cholesterol intake not exceed what?
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-total fat consumption no more than 30% of total daily calories with no more than 10% of those coming from saturated fat
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for heart health the majority of fat in the diet should come from____ fats
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saturated and trans fats
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moderate alcohol consumption is no more than?
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men: 2 drinks women: 1 drink
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the number one risk factor for heart disease that you can control is what?
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smoking
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cholesterol testing should begin at what age?
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20 and older
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if you have cardiovascular disease or diabetes, your target LDL level is less than what?
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100 mg/dl
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what is the most common type of heart valve disorder?
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heart murmur
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cancer
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the abnormal uncontrollable growth of cells
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the primary difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor is?
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- benign: not cancerous - malignant: cancerous and can spread
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metastasis occurs when...?
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cancer cells spread from one part of the body to another
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the number of people diagnosed with cancer each year is..?
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approximately 1.4 million people
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the most common cause of cancer death in the United States is what?
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lung cancer
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the chief risk factor for lung cancer is
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tobacco smoke
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any substance that causes cancer is called a?
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carcinogen
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environmental tobacco smoke
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- AKA second hand smoke - increases lung cancer risk - causes approx. 3,000 deaths in non smokers per year
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a common test useful in early detection of colon cancers is
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stool blood test
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a signal of colon and rectal cancer is
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rectal bleeding
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the most common form of cancer in women is what type of cancer?
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breast cancer
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the most common cause of cancer death in women is what type of cancer?
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lung cancer
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what do obesity and alcohol use have in common that increases breast cancer risk?
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estrogen levels are increased
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a woman is more likely to get breast cancer if..
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- its genetic - early onset of menstruation -late onset of menopause - having no children - having 1st child after 30 - current use of hormone therapy - obesity - alcohol use - eat unhealthy - smoke
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the American cancer society recommends routine use of mammography to detect breast cancer for women over what age?
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40
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the most common cause of cancer in men is...
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prostate cancer
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prostate cancer can be detected by
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- rectal examination - PSA blood test - rise in PSA - ultrasound - biopsy
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all of the following are risk factors for prostate cancer
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- genetics - diet - obesity - inactivity -history of STD's
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the pap test is used to help detect which type of cancer
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cervical cancer
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the infection that puts women at risk for cervical cancer is
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HPV
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a risk factor for cervical cancer is
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- smoking - herpes - chlamydia - HPV
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cancer of the uterus is called what?
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endometrial cancer
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ovarian cancer
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- often has no warning signs - may include increased abdominal size - bloating - urgency - pelvic pain
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Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation
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causes sunburn and can damage the eyes and immune system
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the most dangerous type of skin cancer is
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melanoma
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melanoma can occur
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anywhere on the body especially on the back, chest, abdomen, and lower legs
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the most common cancer for men aged 20 to 35 is what type of cancer
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testicular cancer
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melissa uses a sunscreen with an SPF rating of 20. this means that
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you can stay in the sun without burning 20x longer than if you did not have sunscreen
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Testicular self examination (TSE) should be conducted
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-after a warm shower 1. stand in the mirror and look for swelling 2. roll testicles between fingers and thumbs
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carcinogens are best described as
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any substance that causes cancer
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a diet high in _____ is linked to high rates of colon and prostate cancer
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- red meat - smoked meat - fish - simple sugars
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A potentially dangerous additive found in beer, bacon, and processed lunch meats is
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-nitrates -nitrites
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Eighty percent of the cases of liver cancer worldwide caused by infection with
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hepatitis B and C viruses
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The seven major warning signs of cancer can be remembered with the acronym
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C- change in bowel/ bladder habits A- a sore that does not heal U- unusual bleeding or discharge T- thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere I- indigestion or difficulty in swallowing O- obvious change in a wart or mole N- nagging cough or hoarseness
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A biopsy is the removal and examination of
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A small piece of body tissue for the purpose of diagnosis
