GI Alterations – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
A 34-year-old male was diagnosed with a bacterial GI infection. Which of the following types of diarrhea would most likely occur with his condition?
answer
Correct Answer: Secretory Response Feedback: Infections lead to secretory diarrhea.
question
A 20-year-old male was recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance. He eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea. His diarrhea can be classified as _____ diarrhea.
answer
Correct Answer: Osmotic Response Feedback: A nonabsorbable substance in the intestine leads to osmotic diarrhea.
question
A 40-year-old female presents complaining of pain near the midline in the epigastrium. Assuming the pain is caused by a stimulus acting on an abdominal organ, the pain felt is classified as:
answer
Correct Answer: Visceral Response Feedback: Visceral pain arises from a stimulus (distention, inflammation, ischemia) acting on an abdominal organ.
question
The most common disorder associated with upper GI bleeding is:
answer
Correct Answer: Esophageal varices Response Feedback: Esophageal varices is the most common disorder associated with upper GI bleeding.
question
A 52-year-old presents with bleeding from the rectum. This condition is referred to as:
answer
Correct Answer: Hematochezia Response Feedback: Hematochezia is bleeding from the rectum.
question
A 50-year-old male is experiencing reflux of chyme from the stomach. He is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. This condition is caused by:
answer
Correct Answer: Loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter Response Feedback: Gastroesophageal reflux is due to loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter.
question
Reflux esophagitis is defined as a(n):
answer
Correct Answer: Inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux Response Feedback: When gastroesophageal reflux leads to an inflammatory response, it is termed reflux esophagitis.
question
A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing. He probably has:
answer
Correct Answer: Hiatal hernia Response Feedback: Regurgitation, dysphagia, and substernal discomfort after eating are common in individuals with hiatal hernia
question
A serious complication of paraesophageal hiatal hernia is:
answer
Correct Answer: Strangulation Response Feedback: Strangulation of the hernia is a major complication.
question
A 38-year-old female complains of epigastric fullness following a meal, nausea, and epigastric pain. Tests reveal narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. This condition is referred to as:
answer
Correct Answer: Pyloric obstruction Response Feedback: The pylorus is the opening between the esophagus and the duodenum; the obstruction is pyloric.
question
The cardinal sign of pyloric stenosis caused by ulceration or tumors is:
answer
Correct Answer: Vomiting Response Feedback: The cardinal sign of pyloric stenosis is vomiting.
question
A 10-month-old is brought to the pediatrician by the mother who states the baby has been experiencing colicky pain followed by vomiting, sweating, nausea, and irritability. Testing reveals a condition in which one part of the intestine telescopes into another. From which type of intestinal obstruction is he suffering?
answer
Correct Answer: Intussusception Response Feedback: Telescoping of one part of the intestine into another; this usually causes strangulation of the blood supply and is more common in infants 10 to 15 months of age than in adults.
question
A 40-year-old male develops an intestinal obstruction related to protrusion of the intestine through the inguinal ring. This condition is referred to as:
answer
Correct Answer: A hernia Response Feedback: A hernia is a protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal muscles or through the inguinal ring.
question
Chronic gastritis is classified according to the:
answer
Correct Answer: Location of lesions Response Feedback: Chronic gastritis is classified as type A (fundal) or type B (antral), depending on the pathogenesis and location of the lesions.
question
A 42-year-old female presents with abdominal discomfort, epigastric tenderness, and bleeding. Gastroscopy reveals degeneration of the gastric mucosa in the body and fundus of the stomach. Which of the following would most likely follow?
answer
Correct Answer: Pernicious anemia Response Feedback: Pernicious anemia can develop because the damage to the mucosa makes the intrinsic factor less available to facilitate vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum.
question
A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease. This condition is most likely caused by:
answer
Correct Answer: Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions Response Feedback: Peptic ulcer disease is caused by breaks in the mucosa and the presence of corrosive substances.
question
A 60-year-old male presents with GI bleeding and abdominal pain. He reports that he takes NSAIDs daily to prevent heart attack. Tests reveal that he has a peptic ulcer. The most likely cause of this disease is:
answer
Correct Answer: Inhibiting mucosal prostaglandin synthesis Response Feedback: Use of NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandins and maintenance of the mucosal barrier and decrease bicarbonate secretion.
question
A 39-year-old female with chronic intermittent pain in the epigastric area 2 to 3 hours after eating is diagnosed with a duodenal ulcer. Which of the following behaviors may have contributed to the development of the ulcer?
answer
Correct Answer: Cigarette smoking Response Feedback: Acid production is stimulated by cigarette smoking.
question
A 22-year-old male underwent brain surgery to remove a tumor. Following surgery, he experienced a peptic ulcer. His ulcer is referred to as a(n) _____ ulcer.
answer
Correct Answer: Cushing Response Feedback: A Cushing ulcer is a stress ulcer associated with severe head trauma or brain surgery that results from decreased mucosal blood flow and hypersecretion of acid caused by overstimulation of the vagal nerve.
question
A 24-year-old male who sustained a head injury and fractured femur develops a stress ulcer. A common clinical manifestation of this ulcer is:
answer
Correct Answer: Bleeding Response Feedback: The most common clinical manifestation is bleeding.
question
A 3-month-old female develops colicky pain, abdominal distention, and diarrhea after drinking cow's milk. The best explanation for her symptoms is:
answer
Correct Answer: Excess of undigested lactose in her digestive tract, resulting in increased fluid movement into the digestive lumen and increased bowel motility Response Feedback: Undigested lactose increases the osmotic gradient in the intestine, causing irritation and osmotic diarrhea.
question
Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of:
answer
Correct Answer: Fats and fat-soluble vitamins Response Feedback: Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiency are related to poor intestinal absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
question
A 30-year-old obese female underwent gastric resection in an attempt to lose weight. Which of the following complications could the surgery cause?
answer
Correct Answer: Anemia Response Feedback: One of the complications is anemia due to iron malabsorption, which may result from decreased acid secretion.
question
A 50-year-old male complains of frequently recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. A possible diagnosis would be:
answer
Correct Answer: Ulcerative colitis Response Feedback: Ulcerative colitis is manifested by fever, elevated pulse rate, frequent diarrhea (10 to 20 stools/day), urgency, obviously bloody stools, and continuous lesions present in the colon.
question
Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease?
answer
Correct Answer: Malabsorption Response Feedback: Malabsorption is common in Crohn disease and is rare in ulcerative colitis. Both disorders can lead to abdominal pain. Both disorders have a clinical course of remissions and exacerbations. Both disorders lead to diarrhea.
question
A 16-year-old female presents with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and a low-grade fever. A possible diagnosis would be:
answer
Correct Answer: Appendicitis Response Feedback: Appendicitis is manifested by right lower quadrant pain with rebound tenderness.
question
The most common cause of chronic vascular insufficiency among the elderly is:
answer
Correct Answer: Atherosclerosis Response Feedback: The most common cause of chronic vascular insufficiency is atherosclerosis, especially in the elderly
question
Which of the following characteristics is associated with an acute occlusion of mesenteric blood flow to the small intestine?
answer
Correct Answer: Often precipitated by an embolism Response Feedback: Occlusion of blood flow is often precipitated by embolism.
question
The risk of hypovolemic shock is high with acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency because:
answer
Correct Answer: Ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability, and fluid is shifted to the bowel wall and peritoneum. Response Feedback: Fluid shifts lead to hypovolemia.
question
Which of the following conditions is thought to contribute to the development of obesity?
answer
Correct Answer: Leptin resistance Response Feedback: Leptin resistance disrupts hypothalamic satiety signaling and promotes overeating and excessive weight gain and is a factor in the development of obesity.
question
A 13-year-old female confides to her mother that she binge eats and induces vomiting to prevent weight gain. This disease is referred to as:
answer
Correct Answer: Bulimia nervosa Response Feedback: Binge eating and vomiting is characteristic of bulimia nervosa.
question
A 54-year-old male complains that he has been vomiting blood. Tests reveal portal hypertension. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition?
answer
Correct Answer: Cirrhosis of the liver Response Feedback: Portal hypertension occurs secondarily to cirrhosis of the liver.
question
The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding.
answer
Correct Answer: Esophageal Response Feedback: Vomiting of blood from bleeding esophageal varices is the most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension.
question
A 60-year-old female with a history of alcoholism complains of recent weight gain and right flank pain. Physical examination reveals severe ascites. This condition is caused by decreased:
answer
Correct Answer: Albumin and lack of cellular integrity Response Feedback: Ascites is due to decreased albumin and lack of cellular integrity.
question
Manifestations associated with hepatic encephalopathy from chronic liver disease are the result of:
answer
Correct Answer: Impaired ammonia metabolism Response Feedback: Impaired ammonia metabolism leads to the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy.
question
An increase in the rate of red blood cell breakdown causes which form of jaundice?
answer
Correct Answer: Hemolytic Response Feedback: Excessive hemolysis (breakdown) of red blood cells can cause hemolytic jaundice (prehepatic jaundice).
question
Complete obstruction of bile flow to the liver would be manifested by:
answer
Correct Answer: Clay-colored stools Response Feedback: Complete obstruction of bile flow leads to clay-colored stools.
question
The icteric phase of hepatitis is characterized by which of the following clinical manifestations?
answer
Correct Answer: Jaundice, dark urine, enlarged liver Response Feedback: The icteric phase is manifested by jaundice, dark urine, and clay-colored stools. The liver is enlarged, smooth, and tender, and percussion causes pain; this is the actual phase of illness.
question
A 55-year-old male died in a motor vehicle accident. Autopsy revealed an enlarged liver caused by fatty infiltration, testicular atrophy, and mild jaundice secondary to cirrhosis. The most likely cause of his condition is:
answer
Correct Answer: Alcoholism Response Feedback: The most common cause of cirrhosis is alcoholism
question
In alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatocellular damage is caused by:
answer
Correct Answer: Acetaldehyde accumulation Response Feedback: Alcoholic cirrhosis is caused by the toxic effects of alcohol metabolism on the liver. Alcohol is transformed to acetaldehyde, and excessive amounts significantly alter hepatocyte function and activate hepatic stellate cells, a primary cell involved in liver fibrosis.
question
A 39-year-old female presents with abdominal pain and jaundice. She is diagnosed with gallstones and undergoes cholecystectomy. An analysis of her gallstones would most likely reveal a high concentration of:
answer
Correct Answer: Cholesterol Response Feedback: The majority of gallstones are composed of cholesterol.
question
A 55-year-old female has general symptoms of gallstones but is also jaundiced. IV cholangiography would most likely reveal that the gallstones are obstructing the:
answer
Correct Answer: Common bile duct Response Feedback: Jaundice is due to obstruction of the common bile duct
question
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder wall usually caused by:
answer
Correct Answer: Obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone Response Feedback: Cholecystitis can be acute or chronic, but both forms are almost always caused by a gallstone lodged in the cystic duct.
question
Tissue damage in pancreatitis is caused by:
answer
Correct Answer: Leakage of pancreatic enzymes Response Feedback: Leaked enzymes become activated, initiating autodigestion, inflammation, oxidative stress, and acute pancreatitis.
question
A 40-year-old male presents with epigastric pain. Tests reveal acute pancreatitis. The most likely cause of his condition is:
answer
Correct Answer: Obstruction of the biliary tract by a gallstone Response Feedback: Biliary tract obstruction by gallstones is one of the known causes of pancreatitis.
question
Acute pancreatitis often manifests with pain to which of the following regions?
answer
Correct Answer: Epigastric Response Feedback: Epigastric or midabdominal pain ranging from mild abdominal discomfort to severe, incapacitating pain is one of the manifestations of pancreatitis.
question
Pancreatic insufficiency is manifested by deficient production of:
answer
Correct Answer: Lipase Response Feedback: Pancreatic insufficiency is the deficient production of lipase by the pancreas.
question
A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with cancer of the esophagus. Which of the following factors most likely contributed to his disease?
answer
Correct Answer: Reflux esophagitis Response Feedback: Reflux is a factor in the development of esophageal cancer.
question
Which of the GI cancers has the highest rate of incidence and is responsible for the highest number of deaths?
answer
Correct Answer: Colorectal Response Feedback: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer and cancer death in the United States for both men and women.
question
A 40-year-old male who consumes a diet high in fat and low in fiber is at risk for:
answer
Correct Answer: CRC Response Feedback: CRC is associated with dietary intake, primarily lack of fiber and high fat content.
question
The cardinal signs of small bowel obstruction are:
answer
Correct Answer: Vomiting and distention Response Feedback: Colicky pains followed by vomiting and distention are the cardinal symptoms of small bowel obstruction.
question
Which of the following gastrointestinal (GI) clinical manifestations is subjective? (Select all that apply.)
answer
Correct Answers: Anorexia, Nausea Response Feedback: Anorexia is lack of the desire for food intake and is a subjective experience. Nausea is a subjective experience. Retching is a forceful form of vomiting and is observable. Vomiting and diarrhea are observable.
question
A patient presents to the physician with complaints of constipation. Which of the following could be the cause? (Select all that apply.)
answer
Neurogenic disorder of the large intestine, Sedentary lifestyle, Low residue diet, Aging, Use of antacids Response Feedback: Constipation can be caused by neurogenic disorders of the large intestine in which neural pathways or neurotransmitters are altered and colon transit time delayed. A low-residue diet (the habitual consumption of highly refined foods) decreases the volume and number of stools and causes constipation. A sedentary lifestyle and lack of regular exercise are other common causes of constipation. Lack of access to toilet facilities and consistent suppression of the urge to empty the bowel are other causes. Excessive use of antacids containing calcium carbonate or aluminum hydroxide often results in constipation. Opiates, particularly codeine, tend to inhibit bowel motility. Conditions associated with constipation include congenital megacolon, hypothyroidism, pelvic hiatal hernia, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord trauma, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, and irritable bowel syndrome-constipation predominant. Aging may result in changes in neuromuscular function, causing constipation.
question
A 62-year-old male presents with difficulty swallowing. Tests reveal a loss of esophageal peristalsis and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. Functional dysphasia is the diagnosis. A history of which of the following could be the most likely cause? (Select all that apply.)
answer
Correct Answers: Parkinson disease, Cerebrovascular accident, Achalasia Response Feedback: Functional dysphasia is caused by neural or muscular disorders that interfere with voluntary swallowing or peristalsis. Disorders that affect the striated muscles of the upper esophagus interfere with the oropharyngeal (voluntary) phase of swallowing. Typical causes are dermatomyositis (a muscle disease) and neurologic impairments caused by cerebrovascular accidents, Parkinson disease, or achalasia. Peptic ulcer disease or pyloric stenosis would not cause functional dysphasia.
question
Complications obstruction in the lower bowel include (select all that apply):
answer
Correct Answers: Metabolic acidosis, Tachycardia, Hypovolemia, Peritonitis Response Feedback: With obstruction lower in the intestine, metabolic acidosis is more likely to occur because bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions and bile cannot be reabsorbed. Hypokalemia can be extreme. Continued intestinal secretion and decreased absorption lead to decreased blood volume and elevates hematocrit, decreases central venous pressure, and causes tachycardia. Severe dehydration leads to hypovolemic shock. Bacteria also proliferate and may cross the mucosal barrier and cause peritonitis or sepsis.
question
The primary causes of duodenal ulcers include (select all that apply):
answer
Correct Answers: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H. pylori infection Response Feedback: Infection with H. pylori and chronic use of NSAIDs are the major causes of duodenal ulcer. Consuming spicy foods, trauma, and antibiotics do not lead to duodenal ulcer disease.
question
A 46-year-old female is diagnosed with gastric ulcers. Which of the following characterizes the disorder?
answer
Correct Answers: Pain occurs immediately after eating, Duration of treatment is extended. Response Feedback: The pattern of pain is different from that of duodenal ulcers as it frequently occurs immediately after eating. Gastric ulcers cause more anorexia, vomiting, and weight loss than duodenal ulcers. Gastric ulcers also tend to be chronic rather than alternating between periods of remission and exacerbation. The evaluation and treatment of gastric ulcers are similar to the evaluation and treatment of duodenal ulcers, although duration of treatment is longer than with duodenal ulcers.
question
A 55-year-old male intravenous (IV) drug user with a history of advanced liver disease is diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome. Which of the following clinical manifestations would be expected? (Select all that apply.)
answer
Correct Answers: Oliguria, Jaundice, Ascites, Anorexia Response Feedback: Oliguria and complications of advanced liver disease, including jaundice, ascites, and GI bleeding, are usually present. Systolic blood pressure is usually below 100 mm Hg. Nonspecific symptoms of hepatorenal syndrome include anorexia, weakness, and fatigue.
question
Which of the following type(s) of hepatitis has an incubation period of up to 180 days? (Select al that apply.)
answer
Correct Answers: A, D Response Feedback: Both hepatitis A and D have incubation periods of up to 180 days.
question
A 31-year-old female presents with midabdominal pain. She is expected to have acute pancreatitis. Which of the will be part of the treatment plan? (Select all that apply.)
answer
Correct Answers: Narcotic analgesics, Restriction of food intake, Nasogastric suctioning, Antibiotics, IV fluids Response Feedback: Narcotic medications may be needed to relieve pain. To decrease pancreatic secretions and "rest the gland," oral food and fluids may be withheld, and continuous gastric suction is instituted. Nasogastric suction may not be necessary with mild pancreatitis, but it helps to relieve pain and prevent paralytic ileus in individuals who are nauseated and vomiting. Parenteral fluids are essential to restore blood volume and prevent hypotension and shock. Antibiotics may control infection. The risk of mortality increases significantly with the development of infection or pulmonary, cardiac, and renal complications.
question
A 52-year-old female presents with continuous abdominal pain that intensifies after eating. She is diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis. Contributing factors include: (Select all that apply.)
answer
Correct Answers: Peptic ulcer disease, Trauma, Smoking Response Feedback: Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic, and risk factors include alcoholism, obstructive biliary tract disease (particularly cholelithiasis), peptic ulcers, trauma, hyperlipidemia, and smoking, as well as certain drugs.
question
The adult intestine processes approximately _____ liters of luminal content per day, of which 99% of the fluid is normally reabsorbed.
answer
Correct Answer: 9
question
Obesity is define as a body mass index (BMI) greater than _____.
answer
Correct Answer: 30
question
A 16-year-old female is diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. By definition, the patient would weigh ____% less than normal for age and height:
answer
Correct Answer: 15 The definition of anorexia is body weight 15% less than normal for age and height because of refusal to eat.
question
The family learns that a 3D ultrasound of a 9-week fetus shows incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process. The family will be told that the child will be born with:
answer
Correct Answer: Cleft lip Response Feedback: Cleft lip is caused by the incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process beginning the fourth week of embryonic development, a period of rapid development.
question
Examination of a newborn female revealed that the esophagus ends in a blind pouch. This condition is referred to on the chart as:
answer
Correct Answer: Esophageal atresia Response Feedback: When the esophagus ends in a blind pouch, the condition is referred to as esophageal atresia
question
Which condition should the nurse assess for in mothers carrying fetuses affected by esophageal malformations?
answer
Correct Answer: Excessive amniotic fluid Response Feedback: Polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid) is reported to occur in 14% to 90% of mothers of affected infants because of alterations in fetal swallowing.
question
A mother brings her 2-week-old infant to the pediatrician because he vomits forcefully for no apparent reason and food sometimes is regurgitated as though undigested. The infant is most likely suffering from:
answer
Correct Answer: Pyloric stenosis Response Feedback: Pyloric stenosis is manifested by forceful vomiting.
question
A sign that a newborn infant may have pyloric stenosis is:
answer
Correct Answer: Olive-sized mass in the upper abdomen Response Feedback: A firm, small, movable mass, approximately the size of an olive, is felt in the right upper quadrant in 70% to 90% of infants with pyloric stenosis.
question
A 2-month-old female is brought to the emergency room (ER) for persistent bile-stained vomiting after feeding. Physical examination reveals dehydration, and x-ray reveals that the colon is located in the upper right quadrant. What is the most likely cause of this condition?
answer
Correct Answer: Malrotation Response Feedback: In infants, malrotation obstruction causes intermittent or persistent bile-stained vomiting after feedings.
question
Meconium ileus is associated with which of the following disorders?
answer
Correct Answer: Cystic fibrosis Response Feedback: Meconium ileus is associated with cystic fibrosis.
question
Intussusception is treated initially by:
answer
Correct Answer: An air enema Response Feedback: Reduction is an emergency procedure using an air enema.
question
A 2-month-old female with Down syndrome is diagnosed with Hirschsprung disease following family complaints of chronic constipation. The most likely cause of these symptoms is:
answer
Correct Answer: Absence of ganglia along the length of the colon Response Feedback: Congenital aganglionic megacolon is caused by the absence of the enteric ganglia (Meissner and Auerbach plexuses) along a variable length of the colon, resulting in inadequate motility.
question
The primary complication of enterocolitis associated with Hirschsprung disease is related to which finding?
answer
Correct Answer: Fecal impaction Response Feedback: The most serious complication in the neonatal period is enterocolitis related to fecal impaction.
question
A 6-month-old male infant is brought to the ER after the sudden development of abdominal pain, irritability, and vomiting followed by passing of "currant jelly" stool. Ultrasound reveals intestinal obstruction in which the ileum collapsed through the ileocecal valve and invaginated into the large intestine. This type of obstruction is referred to as:
answer
Correct Answer: Intussusception
question
An 8-week-old female is diagnosed with a congenital heart disease and Down syndrome. Her parents report that she has difficulty defecating. X-ray reveals anorectal malformation that causes complete obstruction often referred to as:
answer
Correct Answer: Imperforate anus Response Feedback: Deformities that cause complete obstruction are known collectively as imperforate anus.
question
Occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux is highest in which pediatric population?
answer
Correct Answer: Premature infants Response Feedback: The frequency of reflux is highest in premature infants and decreases during the first 6 to 12 months of life
question
An 8-week-old male was recently diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Which of the following digestive alterations would be expected?
answer
Correct Answer: Malabsorption Response Feedback: Cystic fibrosis results in malabsorption.
question
A 13-month-old infant presents with vomiting; abdominal pain; and pale, bulky, greasy, and foul-smelling stools. A possible diagnosis the clinician would document on the chart might be:
answer
Correct Answer: Gluten-sensitive enteropathy Response Feedback: Infants with gluten-sensitive enteropathy experience greasy stools.
question
Celiac disease, or sprue, is caused by alterations of the intestinal:
answer
Correct Answer: Villi Response Feedback: Gluten-sensitive enteropathy, formerly called celiac sprue or celiac disease, is an autoimmune disease that damages small intestinal villous epithelium.
question
Kwashiorkor is a severe dietary deficiency of:
answer
Correct Answer: Protein
question
Marasmus is most common in children of which age group?
answer
Correct Answer: Younger than one Response Feedback: Marasmus is most common in children younger than one
question
A 1-week-old female is brought to her pediatrician for abdominal distention and unstable temperature. Physical examination reveals bradycardia and apnea. Tests reveal hypoxic injury to the bowel resulting in bacterial invasion and perforation. This condition is referred to as:
answer
Correct Answer: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) Response Feedback: NEC is an ischemic, inflammatory condition of the bowel that causes necrosis, perforation, and death, if untreated.
question
Prolonged diarrhea is more serious in children than adults because:
answer
Correct Answer: Fluid reserves are lower in children. Response Feedback: Prolonged diarrhea is more dangerous in children because they have much smaller fluid reserves than adults.
question
When an infant has increased bilirubin production and impaired hepatic excretion of bilirubin, what does the nurse suspect is occurring in the patient?
answer
Correct Answer: Physiologic jaundice Response Feedback: Impaired excretion of bilirubin can lead to physiologic jaundice.
question
A 7-month-old female presents with jaundice, clay-colored stool, and failure to gain weight. Testing reveals the absence of intrahepatic bile ducts. This condition is referred to as _____ atresia.
answer
Correct Answer: Biliary Response Feedback: Jaundice is the primary clinical manifestation of biliary atresia, along with hepatomegaly and acholic (clay-colored) stools.
question
A 7-month-old female presents with jaundice, clay-colored stool, and failure to gain weight. She is diagnosed with biliary atresia. The nurse realizes the treatment for this disorder will most likely be:
answer
Correct Answer: Liver transplant Response Feedback: The treatment for biliary atresia is liver transplant.
question
The nurse assessing the patient with biliary atresia would expect to find which primary clinical manifestation?
answer
Correct Answer: Jaundice Response Feedback: The primary clinical manifestation is jaundice.
question
Outbreaks of hepatitis _____ often occur in young children attending day care centers and can be attributed to poor hand washing.
answer
Correct Answer: A Response Feedback: Outbreaks of hepatitis A occur in condition where poor hand washing occurs.
question
Where does the nurse expect the obstruction to be in a patient with extrahepatic portal hypertension?
answer
Correct Answer: Hepatic portal vein Response Feedback: Extrahepatic (prehepatic) portal venous obstruction causes 50% to 70% of extrahepatic portal hypertension in children.
question
Early identification and treatment for metabolic disorders is important because:
answer
Correct Answer: Permanent damage to vital organs can be prevented. Response Feedback: The earliest possible identification of metabolic disorders is essential because early treatment may prevent permanent damage to vital organs, such as the liver or brain.
question
A 3-month-old female presents with intention tremors, dystonia, greenish-yellow rings in the cornea, and hepatomegaly. Tests reveal a defect on chromosome 13. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
answer
Correct Answer: Wilson disease Response Feedback: Wilson disease is manifested by dystonia and greenish-yellow rings in the cornea.
question
A 27-year-old male presents with fever, GI bleeding, hepatomegaly, and transient joint pain. He reports that as a child he received blood transfusions following a motor vehicle accident. He also indicates he was vaccinated against hepatitis B. Which of the following types of hepatitis does the clinician think he most likely has?
answer
Correct Answer: C Response Feedback: Hepatitis C virus is transmitted with blood transfusions
question
The nurse would correctly identify the most common symptom of Meckel diverticulum as:
answer
Correct Answer: Rectal bleeding Response Feedback: Although most Meckel diverticuli are asymptomatic, the most common symptom is painless rectal bleeding.
question
A newborn male is diagnosed with cleft palate. The pediatrician counsels the parents that complications of cleft palate include (select all that apply):
answer
Correct Answers: Tonsil hypertrophy, Recurrent paranasal infections, Excessive dental decay, Hearing loss Response Feedback: Children with cleft palate tend to have tonsil hypertrophy, tend to have repeated infections of the paranasal sinuses, do not experience difficulty breathing, experience excessive dental decay, and experience hearing loss.
question
Which of the following are complications of gastroesophageal reflux? (Select all that apply.)
answer
Correct Answers: Aspiration pneumonia, Anemia, Weight loss, Delayed growth Response Feedback: Aspiration pneumonia develops in one-third of infants with gastroesophageal reflux. In cases that persist into childhood, chronic cough, wheezing, and recurrent pneumonia are common. Inadequate retention of nutrients can adversely impact growth and weight gain. Esophagitis resulting from exposure of the esophageal mucosa to acidic gastric contents is manifested by pain, bleeding, and eventually stricture formation and abnormal motility. Approximately 25% have iron deficiency anemia caused by frank or occult blood loss. Hepatomegaly is not a complication of gastroesophageal reflux.
