question

A 30-year-old Caucasian female was recently diagnosed with primary hypertension. She reports that she eats fairly well, usually having red meat and potatoes daily. She also reports that her father has hypertension as well. Which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with this diagnosis?

answer

Genes

question

A 52-year-old male is diagnosed with primary hypertension. He could be treated with a drug that acts by which of the following mechanisms?

answer

Diuretic

question

A 55-year-old female has undiagnosed hypertension. She presents to her physician complaining of impaired vision and chronic edema. Lab tests reveal that she also has renal insufficiency. The most likely cause for these findings is:

answer

end organ damage.

question

The rapid onset of malignant hypertension results in:

answer

encephalopathy

question

Orthostatic hypotension refers to a drop in blood pressure with:

answer

standing up.

question

Acute orthostatic hypotension can be caused by:

answer

drug action.

question

A 65-year-old female presents to the ER complaining of difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the:

answer

aorta.

question

A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with cerebral aneurysm. The most likely area for it to occur is the:

answer

circle of Willis.

question

A detached blood clot is called a(n):

answer

thromboembolus.

question

Individuals with Raynaud disease have severe symptoms under which of the following conditions?

answer

Cold exposure

question

A 75-year-old obese female presents to her physician complaining of edema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Which of the following is a possible cause?

answer

Long periods of standing

question

A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins of the lower extremities and edema. The most likely manifestation of this disorder is:

answer

skin depigmentation.

question

A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with bronchogenic cancer. He developed edema and venous distention in the upper extremities and face. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

answer

Superior vena cava syndrome

question

A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. She would be expected to suffer from myocardial:

answer

ischemia.

question

A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would most likely influence development of this disease?

answer

Cigarette smoking

question

A 50-year-old obese male with hypertension and coronary artery disease visits a nutritionist for food counseling. He is told that _____ fats raise LDL levels and lower HDL levels and should be avoided.

answer

trans-fat

question

The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is:

answer

atherosclerosis

question

A 53-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain he experiences occurs when:

answer

the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand.

question

A 62-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of chest pain at rest and with exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina?

answer

Prinzmetal

question

A 51-year-old male is at his health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed a substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting 2 to 3 minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. He is most likely experiencing:

answer

stable angina.

question

A 68-year-old male presents to the ER complaining of chest pain. He has a history of stable angina that now appears to be unstable. He most likely has:

answer

impending myocardial infarction.

question

A 55-year-old male died of myocardial infarction. Autopsy would most likely reveal:

answer

platelet aggregation within the atherosclerotic coronary artery.

question

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions for _____ before irreversible cell injury occurs.

answer

20 minutes

question

A 60-year-old female had a myocardial infarction. She was brought to the hospital 30 minutes later. She survived but now has impaired ventricular function because:

answer

the resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death.

question

A 75-year-old male has severe chest pain and dials 911. Lab tests at the hospital reveal elevated levels of creatinine phosphate and lactic dehydrogenase. These elevated levels indicate:

answer

myocardial infarction.

question

A 56-year-old male presents to his physician for a checkup. Physical exam reveals edema, hepatomegaly, and muffled heart sounds. Which of the following is a concern?

answer

Tamponade

question

A 42-year-old female is diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis. She would also have a decreased cardiac output because of:

answer

fibrosis and calcification of the pericardial layers.

question

A 60-year-old female was diagnosed with mitral stenosis. As a result, she has incomplete emptying of the:

answer

left atrium.

question

Which valve disorder is manifested by a widened pulse pressure and throbbing peripheral pulses?

answer

Aortic regurgitation

question

The most common cardiac valve disease in the United States, which tends to be most prevalent in young women, is:

answer

mitral valve prolapse.

question

A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. The most likely cause of this disease is

answer

group A ß-hemolytic streptococcus infections.

question

A 10-year-old male presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and nose bleeds. He is diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. This disease is usually characterized by:

answer

antigens that bind to the valvular lining, triggering an autoimmune response.

question

A 30-year-old female presents to her physician with fever, cardiac murmur, and petechial skin lesions. She is diagnosed with infective endocarditis. The most likely cause of her disease is:

answer

bacteria.

question

A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no PR interval and a variable rate QRS with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

answer

Atrial fibrillation

question

A 59-year-old female is diagnosed with left ventricular failure. The decrease in kidney perfusion would ultimately cause:

answer

increased systemic vascular resistance.

question

A 68-year-old female is experiencing left heart failure. Physical exam reveals elevated blood pressure most likely caused by:

answer

sympathetic nervous system compensation for decreased cardiac output.

question

Pulmonary symptoms, such as dyspnea and cough, common to left heart failure are a result of:

answer

pulmonary vascular congestion.

question

A 72-year-old female has a history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure?

answer

Significant edema to both lower legs and feet

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