question

In the male, the external parts are called the __________ __________, which include the scrotum and its contents, the penis and the _________.

answer

In the male, the external parts are called the *external genitalia*, which include the scrotum and its contents, the penis and the *urethra*.

question

genitalia

answer

external and internal organs and structures of the male and female reproductive system

question

genitourinary system

answer

combination of two closely related body systems: the male genitalia and the urinary system; aka the urogenital system

question

testes

answer

endocrine glands on either side of the scrotum; FSH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates their seminiferous tubules to produce sperm; LH from the anterior pituitary gland stimulates their interstitial cells to produce and secrete testosterone

question

testicles

answer

either of the small, egg-shaped glands in the scrotum

question

scrotum

answer

pouch of skin that holds the two testes

question

The testes are outside of the body in this way to keep them a ____________________ than inside the body, as the _________________________ are sensitive heat and can be killed in normal ________ body temperatures.

answer

The testes are outside of the body in this way to keep them a *few degrees cooler* than inside the body, as the *newly developing sperm* are sensitive heat and can be killed in normal *internal* body temperatures.

question

sperm

answer

the male sex cells capable of uniting with the female egg; with glandular fluids, it is one part of semen, the fluid that is ejaculated from the male

question

perineum

answer

the area of skin between the edge of the vulva and the anus (in females), or between the scrotum and the anus (in males)

question

gonad

answer

the female sex glands (the ovaries); the male sex glands (testes)

question

Each testis is an egg-shaped gonad. Microscopic __________________ are produced in tiny seminiferous tubules which send the ______ out of the testis and into the epididymis. There, the _______ ______ into adult sex cells as they travel slowly through a very coiled tubule. The end of the epididymis straightens to become the _______________.

answer

Each testis is an egg-shaped gonad. Microscopic *immature sperm* are produced in tiny seminiferous tubules which send the *sperm* out of the testis and into the epididymis. There, the *sperm mature* into adult sex cells as they travel slowly through a very coiled tubule. The end of the epididymis straightens to become the *vas deferens*.

question

seminiferous tubules

answer

tubules within each testis where spermatozoa develop

question

epididymis

answer

long, coiled tube on the outer wall of the testis; it receives spermatozoa tubules, stores them, and destroys defective spermatozoa

question

vas deferens

answer

long tube that receives spermatozoa from the epididymis and carries them to the seminal vesicles along the base of the bladder, aka the ductus deferens

question

testosterone

answer

male hormone that is the most abundant and most biologically active of the androgens; produced and secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes; it stimulates the development of male sex characteristics during puberty; the body converts small amounts of testosterone into estrogens

question

The development of the testicles begins in the ___________.

answer

The development of the testicles begins in the *abdomen*.

question

spermatic cord

answer

muscular tube that contains arteries, veins, nerves, for each testis as well as the vas deferens; passes through the inguinal canal

question

Normally, about ___ months before birth, the tests and spermatic cord descend through the ________ cord, out the abdomen, over the _____ bone, and down into the scrotum.

answer

Normally, about *two* months before birth, the tests and spermatic cord descend through the *inguinal* cord, out the abdomen, over the *pubic* bone, and down into the scrotum.

question

inguinal canal

answer

passageway in the groin area through which the testes travel as they descend from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum; the open canal closes snugly around the spermatic cord at birth or shortly thereafter

question

The ____ deferens rises up out of the scrotum, over the scrotum, and up over the bladder until it reaches the ______ posterior side of the bladder. _______ is stored in the vas deferens, although at this point they are ________.

answer

The *vas* deferens rises up out of the scrotum, over the scrotum, and up over the bladder until it reaches the *lower* posterior side of the bladder. *Sperm* is stored in the vas deferens, although at this point they are *inactive*.

question

seminal vesicles

answer

glands along the base of the bladder that secrete seminal fluid, a source of energy for the spermatozoa and the main component of semen; at the end of vas deferens, are long, lumpy glands that make seminal fluid

question

semen

answer

fluid expelled from the penis during ejaculation; contains spermatozoa, seminal fluid, prostate fluid, and mucus from the bulbourethral gland

question

The semen enters the _________________ which goes through the prostate gland until it joins a portion of the ________ inside the prostate gland.

answer

The semen enters the *ejaculatory duct* which goes through the prostate gland until it joins a portion of the *urethra* inside the prostate gland.

question

prostate gland

answer

gland that is part of the male reproductive system; in a man, the upper part of the urethra passes through the center of the prostate gland; a doughnut-shaped gland that surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder, the urethra goes through the center of the prostate

question

ejaculatory duct

answer

duct that collects semen from both the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles and empties into the urethra during ejaculation

question

As the semen passes through the ejaculatory _____, the prostate adds ______________ to the semen. This fluid is a _______ part of the volume of semen, but helps to create an environment within the __________ that is beneficial to the sperm.

answer

As the semen passes through the ejaculatory *duct*, the prostate adds *prostatic fluid* to the semen. This fluid is a *small* part of the volume of semen, but helps to create an environment within the *vagina* that is beneficial to the sperm.

question

Beneath the prostate gland and on either side of the urethra are Cowper's glands, aka the ________________ ________. These glands produces a sticky substance that also becomes part of the ________. The sticky substance helps to keep the semen in the vagina and also neutralizes the ________ of any male urine left in the urethra. The substance also neutralizes the _________ of the mucus in the female vagina, as sperm do not survive well in an _____ movement.

answer

Beneath the prostate gland and on either side of the urethra are Cowper's glands, aka the *bulbourethral glands*. These glands produces a sticky substance that also becomes part of the *semen*. The sticky substance helps to keep the semen in the vagina and also neutralizes the *acidity* of any male urine left in the urethra. The substance also neutralizes the *acidity* of the mucus in the female vagina, as sperm do not survive well in an *acid* movement.

question

bulbourethral glands

answer

small, bulblike glands below the prostate that secrete mucus into the urethra during ejaculation; previously known as Cowper's gland

question

The urethral ________ is located at the ____ of the glands penis, the enlarged end. Covering the end is the __________, a loose covering the skin.

answer

The urethral *meatus* is located at the *tip* of the glands penis, the enlarged end. Covering the end is the *prepuce*, a loose covering the skin.

question

meatus

answer

a passage; the urethral meatus is where the urethra opens to the outside of the body

question

glans penis

answer

the enlarged end of the penis

question

prepuce

answer

foreskin of the penis; revoked during circumcision

question

During an erection, special columns of _________ tissue when the penis become filled with ______, and the penis becomes firm. This is necessary for the penis to penetrate the _______.

answer

During an erection, special columns of *erectile* tissue when the penis become filled with *blood*, and the penis becomes firm. This is necessary for the penis to penetrate the *vagina*.

question

erection

answer

the condition of the penis during sexual arousal, when it becomes firm and erect

question

When a child reaches the age of adolescence, _________ begins. Sperm production is known as ___________________. An erection may lead to ejaculation of _______. Ejaculation takes place when 2 to __ mL of semen are expelled from the ________ meatus.

answer

When a child reaches the age of adolescence, *puberty* begins. Sperm production is known as *spermatogenesis*. An erection may lead to ejaculation of *semen*. Ejaculation takes place when 2 to *5* mL of semen are expelled from the *urinary* meatus.

question

adolescence

answer

period of time when FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland first begin to stimulate the testes; the male sex characteristics develop, and there is a growth spurt; in the female FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries; the female sex characteristics develop, and there is a growth spurt; aka puberty

question

spermatogenesis

answer

process of producing a mature spermatozoon through the processes of mitosis and meiosis

question

ejaculation

answer

sudden expulsion of semen from the penis during sexual arousal of the male

question

Put in correct order- 1. vas deferens 2. epididymis 3. seminal vesicle 4. testis

answer

1. testis 2. epididymis 3. vas deferens 4. seminal vesicle

question

Put in correct order- 1. glans penis 2. prostate 3. penile urethra 4. ejaculatory duct

answer

1. ejaculatory duct 2. prostate 3. penile urethra 4. seminal vesicle

question

orchitis

answer

inflammation or infection of the testes; caused by a bacterium, the mumps virus, or trauma

question

epididymitis

answer

inflammation and infection of the epididymis; caused by a bacterial urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted disease like gonorrhea or Chlamydia

question

infertility

answer

failure to conceive after at least one year of regular intercourse; (male) can be caused by hormonal imbalance involving FSH or LH, undescended testicles, genetic abnormalities, damage to the testes from mumps infection, and other causes; (females) imbalance or lack of estradiol or progesterone; (it can also be caused by a lack of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland); there is a lack of ovulation, abnormal menstruation, or history of miscarriage

question

seminoma

answer

cancer arising from an abnormal spermatocyte in the testis

question

cryptorchism

answer

failure of one or both of the testicles to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum; "hidden testicles"; can cause infertility

question

oligospermia

answer

less than normal amount of spermatozoa produced by the testis; results in male infertility; caused by a hormonal imbalance or an undescended testicle

question

varicocele

answer

varicose vein in the spermatic cord to the testis; the valves in the vein leak, allowing blood to flow back through them; this causes pooling of the blood; the vein becomes distended and painful; can cause a low sperm count and infertility; can be removed

question

prostatitis

answer

acute or chronic bacterial infection of the prostate gland; caused by a urinary tract infection or a sexually transmitted disease; most common cause of cancer in males is prostatic cancer; difficult to diagnose because it grows slowly and may be mistaken for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

question

benign prostatic hypertrophy

answer

(BSH) benign, gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages; the enlarged prostate compresses the urethra and causes the bladder to retain urine; sometimes called benign prostatic hyperplasia; surgery may be required to restore normal urination

question

erectile dysfunction

answer

(ED) inability to achieve or sustain an erection if the penis; can be caused by cardiovascular disease that impedes blood flow to the penis; neurological diseases (such as spinal cord injury) that impair sensory stimuli and innervation, low levels of testosterone, the side effects of drugs, or physiological factors; aka impotence

question

premature ejaculation

answer

ejaculation of semen that often occurs with minimal stimulation and before the penis becomes fully erect to penetrate the vagina; this lessens the enjoyment of sexual intercourse and decreases the chance of conception; can be caused by a hormonal imbalance but more often by stress or a physiological reason

question

priapism

answer

continuing erection of the penis with pain and tenderness; caused by spinal cord injury or a side effect of drugs to treat ED

question

dyspareunia

answer

painful or difficult sexual intercourse; in the female, it is caused by vaginal infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, or endometriosis; in the male, it is caused by infection of the penis or prostate gland, chordee of the penis, or phimosis

question

phimosis

answer

congenital condition in which the opening of the foreskin is too small to allow the foreskin to pull back over the glans penis

question

balanitis

answer

inflammation and infection of the glans penis caused by bacteria; often associated with phimosis and inadequate hygiene of the prepuce

question

A sexually transmitted disease (_____) tends to fall into one of two categories: those with a _______________ pathogen and those which are caused by a ______.

answer

A sexually transmitted disease (*STD*) tends to fall into one of two categories: those with a *bacterial* pathogen and those which are caused by a *virus*.

question

Bacterial infections can produce painful _________ or no symptoms at all. When there is ____ involved, scar tissue can form.

answer

Bacterial infections can produce painful *urination* or no symptoms at all. When there is *pus* involved, scar tissue can form.

question

Chlamydia

answer

sexually transmitted disease; men: painful urination with burning and itching, thin, watery discharge from the urethra, may have no symptoms; women: frequently have no symptoms or slight vaginal discharge; one of the most common STD's; easily cured with antibiotics

question

gonorrhea

answer

sexually transmitted disease; men: painful urination, thick yellow urethral discharge, some men have no symptoms; women: painful urination, thick yellow discharge, half of infected women have no symptoms; treatments involved treating all partners

question

Syphilis

answer

sexually transmitted disease; men: single, painful chancre (lesion that ulcerates, forms a crust, and then heals) on the penis, later symptoms include fever, rash, and various symptoms that mimic other disease; women: same, with chancre on female genitalia; early symptom (chancre) is easy to diagnose and treat; can be dangerous because it tends to go "underground" for years if not treated; disease can emerge decades later with organ destruction and dementia; all partners must be treated

question

_____________ is a viral infection caused by the human papillomavirus (_____) that can also cause cervical ________ in women. The raised, itchy ______ need to be removed.

answer

*Genital warts* is a viral infection caused by the human papillomavirus (*HPV*) that can also cause cervical *cancer* in women. The raised, itchy *warts* need to be removed.

question

human papillomavirus

answer

(HPV) virus that is a cause od warts (verruca); when present in the vagina, this virus also predisposes to the development of cervical cancer

question

Genital herpes is caused by a _______ simplex virus type __. This communicable disease is not ________, and outbreaks result in painful ________ that ulcer.

answer

Genital herpes is caused by a *herpes* simplex virus type *2*. This communicable disease is not *curable*, and outbreaks result in painful *blisters* that ulcer.

question

genital herpes

answer

sexually transmitted disease; men: vesicular lesions (blisters) on the penis, scrotum, perineum, anus, when the blisters break, they become skin ulcers, there may be flu-like symptoms or no symptoms at all; women: same, on the vulva, perineum, anus, vagina; caused by herpes simplex virus type 2

question

herpes simplex virus, type 1

answer

occurs on the lips; these lesions tend to recur during illness and stress; aka cold sores or fever blisters

question

______ is a noncurable disease caused by the human ____________________ virus. People are treated with a combination of drugs, called a drug __________.

answer

*AIDS* is a noncurable disease caused by the human *immunodeficiency* virus. People are treated with a combination of drugs, called a drug *cocktail*.

question

human immunodeficiency virus

answer

(HIV) a virus that causes AIDS in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive

question

gynecomastia

answer

enlargement of the male breast; caused by an imbalance of androgens and estrogens because of puberty, aging, surgical removal of the testes, or estrogen drug treatment for prostate cancer

question

There are two blood tests for prostate cancer: _____ phosphatase and _________-specific antigen (____). The higher the levels of these two substances in the blood, the more __________ the cancer is.

answer

There are two blood tests for prostate cancer: *acid* phosphatase and *prostate*-specific antigen (*PSA*). The higher the levels of these two substances in the blood, the more *advanced* the cancer is.

question

acid phosphatase

answer

blood test for enzyme found mostly in the prostate gland (small amounts are found in some other body structures as well); prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) only measures acid phosphatase from the prostate gland as opposed to the total aid phosphatase level; increased levels in the blood indicate cancer of the prostate that has metastasized to the body

question

prostate-specific antigen

answer

(PSA) blood test that detects a glycoprotein in cells of the prostate gland; PSA is increased in men with prostate cancer; the higher the level, the more advanced the cancer

question

Testing for syphilis can be done with a number of different blood test, such as the VDRL (__________ _________ __________ ____________).

answer

Testing for syphilis can be done with a number of different blood test, such as the VDRL (*Venereal Disease Research Laboratory*).

question

Venereal Disease

answer

contagious disease that is contracted during sexual intercourse with an infected individual; a positive test for a STD means that the patient and all sexual partners needed to be treated; aka STD

question

Semen analysis is an important part of testing for __________. An analysis is also done after a ___________ procedure to make sure the male has aspermia and is sterile. Semen testing has become part of many crime _______________. This testing is done as part of a rape investigation. And DNA testing can determine ____________.

answer

Semen analysis is an important part of testing for *infertility*. An analysis is also done after a *vasectomy* procedure to make sure the male has aspermia and is sterile. Semen testing has become part of many crime *investigations*. This testing is done as part of a rape investigation. And DNA testing can determine *paternity*.

question

vasectomy

answer

surgical procedure in the male to prevent pregnancy in the female; through a small incision at the base of the scrotum, both vas deferens are divided, a length of the tube is removed, and the cut ends are sutured nd crushed or electrocoagulated

question

aspermia

answer

without sperm; a sperm analysis is done after a vasectomy to verify aspermia and a successful sterilization

question

The ProstaScint scan is a ________ medicine procedure used to determine if and where __________ cancer has spread in the body.

answer

The ProstaScint scan is a *nuclear* medicine procedure used to determine if and where *prostate* cancer has spread in the body.

question

ultrasonography

answer

uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image if interior structures; resulting image is called a sonogram; useful in detecting and determining undescended testicles or a varicocele, the state of the prostate gland or assist in obtaining a needle biopsy of the prostate

question

As women are taught to do monthly _______ self-examinations, men are instructed to perform monthly ___________ self-examinations (_____). The scrotum is palpated for any unusual lumps or other masses.

answer

As women are taught to do monthly *breast* self-examinations, men are instructed to perform monthly *testicular* self-examinations (*TSE*). The scrotum is palpated for any unusual lumps or other masses.

question

During a check-up or physical examination, a physician will do a digital _______ exam (_____) of the prostate. Fingers inserted into the rectum can fell the prostate gland and determine if the _____ and _______ are normal or not.

answer

During a check-up or physical examination, a physician will do a digital *rectal* exam (*DRE*) of the prostate. Fingers inserted into the rectum can fell the prostate gland and determine if the *size* and *shape* are normal or not.

question

epispadias

answer

congenital condition in which the female urethral meatus is incorrectly located near the clitoris or the male urethral meatus is incorrectly located on the upper surface on the upper surface of the shaft of the penis rather than at he tip of the glans penis

question

hypospadias

answer

congenital condition in which the male urethral meatus is incorrectly located on the underside of the shaft of the penis rather than that as the tip of the glans penis

question

circumcision

answer

surgical procedure to remove the prepuce (foreskin); it can be done meet religious or ethnic requirement or for hygiene; corrects phimosis

question

orchiopexy

answer

surgical procedure to reposition an undescended testicle and fix it within the scrotum; corrects cryptorchism

question

vasovasostomy

answer

a reversal of a vasectomy; the cut ends are rejoined so that spermatozoa are again present in the ejaculate and the women can become pregnant; has a very low success rate

question

penile implant

answer

surgical procedure to implant an inflatable penis prosthesis for patients with erectile dysfunction and spinal cord injuries

question

A _____ ________ ___________ biopsy or _________ biopsy is used for the testis to determine if cancer exists. A ________ bone needle is used to test for cancer in the prostate. If testicular cancer is confirmed, an ____________ is done. If _________ cancer is diagnosed, a prostatectomy is done.

answer

A *fine needle aspiration* biopsy or *incisional* biopsy is used for the testis to determine if cancer exists. A *larger* bone needle is used to test for cancer in the prostate. If testicular cancer is confirmed, an *orchiectomy* is done. If *prostate* cancer is diagnosed, a prostatectomy is done.

question

aspiration biopsy

answer

type of biopsy that uses a needle attached to a syringe to aspirate tissue

question

incisional biopsy

answer

an incision is made to expose the suspected cancer, and a large part (but not all) of the tumor is removed

question

orchiectomy

answer

surgical procedure to remove a testis because of testicular cancer

question

prostatectomy

answer

surgical procedure to remove part or all of the prostate gland; lymph nodes are also removed in the case of prostate cancer

question

If a prostate is simply enlarged, and it is not a cancerous growth, then drugs or surgery can be used to decrease the ____ of the prostate and enlarge the _________ for a normal urination. A _____________ resection of the prostate (______) uses a resectoscope, a special ___________, to ______ or cut out sections of the prostate that are reducing the size of the urethra. Other waves of surgery are also available, using a laser, a microwaves or radiowaves combined with _____.

answer

If a prostate is simply enlarged, and it is not a cancerous growth, then drugs or surgery can be used to decrease the *size* of the prostate and enlarge the *urethra* for a normal urination. A *transurethral* resection of the prostate (*TURP*) uses a resectoscope, a special *cystoscope*, to *burn* or cut out sections of the prostate that are reducing the size of the urethra. Other waves of surgery are also available, using a laser, a microwaves or radiowaves combined with *heat*.

question

transurethral resection of the prostate

answer

(TURP) surgical procedure to reduce the size of the prostate gland; a special cystoscope known as a resectoscope is inserted through the urethral; it has built-in cutting instruments and cautery to resect places of the prostate and cauterize bleeding vessels; chips of prostatic tissue are then irrigated out

question

resectoscope

answer

a special cystoscope inserted through the urethra into the bladder; it has built-in cutting instruments and cautery to resect the bladder tumor and cauterize bleeding vessels; used when performing a transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT)

question

androgen drug

answer

a drug that treats lack of production of testosterone by the testes because of cryptorchidism, surgical removal of the testes, or decreased levels of LH from the anterior pituitary gland

question

antiviral drug

answer

a drug that treats viral infections; boosts the immune system and decreases symptoms; useful in treating, but not curing, AIDS, HIV, or genital herpes

question

clinical laboratory scientist

answer

an allied health professional who works in a hospital or large commercial medical laboratory; this person performs all types of blood tests on blood, urine, and other body fluids and tissues by working with microscopes and computerized equipment

question

reproductive medicine

answer

male reproduction medicine is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the male genitourinary system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat male reproductive diseases and infertility; female reproductive medicine is a subspecialty of gynecology and obstetrics that uses diagnostic tests, medical and procedures, and drugs to treat female infertility

question

endocrinology

answer

the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system and uses diagnostic procedures and drugs to treat endocrine system diseases; physicians usually take additional training in this field

question

A clinical laboratory scientist can also be called a medical laboratory __________ or a medical laboratory ______________.

answer

A clinical laboratory scientist can also be called a medical laboratory *technician* or a medical laboratory *technologist*.

question

What is another name for a seminoma?

answer

testicular cancer

question

Semen is produced in the _______________ glands, __________ glands, and _________ vesicles.

answer

Semen is produced in the *bulbourethral* glands, *prostate* glands, and *seminal* vesicles.

question

What makes up the external genitalia?

answer

the scrotum, testes, epididymis, penis, and urethra

question

Spermatozoa production takes place in where?

answer

seminiferous tubules

question

Each spermatozoa contains a head containing chromosomes and a tail or __________ that propels it.

answer

Each spermatozoa contains a head containing chromosomes and a tail or *flagellum* that propels it.

Med. Term. L15 – Flashcards

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